<論説>中世都市大山崎の展開と寺院 : 平安〜織豊期の都市構造

Abstract

九〜十六世紀の都市大山崎を舞台に、都市の性格と寺院のあり方のかかわりを追究する。国家管理の諸施設が建ちならぶ十世紀までの大山崎の寺院は、国家鎮護の性格を強くもち、イデオロギー的な意味で平安京の西の境界を護持していた。十一世紀から鎌倉時代には、大山崎は数多くの権門によって分割された都市となり、寺院もそれら権門の倉敷や雑色・寄人の居所となった。ところが室町幕府が成立すると、都市民は「神人在所」として大山崎を認定させたため、幕府と結びついた宝積寺を除き、旧寺院は徐々に衰退していった。戦国期には、都市民の惣中が大山崎を支配し、有力都市民はそれぞれのイエの寺庵を建立した。そして都市の中心寺院となった宝積寺とこれら寺庵が、重層的な信仰の構造を形成した。羽柴政権期、大山崎では都市共同体が支配に組み込まれたが、その前提として、都市民の中心であった宝積寺が城郭―城下町プランの中核に位置させられたことがあった。

Examining closely the city of Oyamazaki from 9th Century up to the 16th Century, I will explain the characteristics of medieval cities and change of the temples' role. Before 10th Century the temples in Oyamazaki, standing in between a lot of public facilities controlled by the government, clearly had the nature of defending the state and ideologically speaking they guarded the western border of the Heian Capital. After 11th Century, during the Kamakura period, the area of Oyamazaki was divided amongst various and powerful nobles and the temples were turned into the sites for their store-houses or the residences for lower workers serving the nobles. But when the Muromachi Shogunate was established, Oyamazaki was recognized by the government as Jinin-zaisho (residence for lower workers serving of the Rikyu-hachiman shrine)and with the exception of the Hoshaku-ji, which had strong relations with the government, the other old temples gradually declined. In the age of Civil wars, a citizens' Sochu (commune) controlled Oyamazaki and some powerful citizens founded temples for their own families. These temples and the Hoshaku-ji, which had become the leading temple in the whole area, formed the two lagered religious structure. During the age of Hashiba government in Oyamazaki, the Sochu (commune) was forced under the control of the government. The premise to this was that the Hoshaku-ji which was at the center of the citizens' activity, was situated in the center of the castle-city plan.