<論説>成功制の展開 : 地下官人の成功を中心に

Abstract

成功は「売位・売官」といわれ、その消極的側面が強調される傾向が強いが、本稿は国家財政の中で成功制という経費調達制度が果たした役割を積極的に評価し、その展開を考察しようとするものである。本稿では、地下官人の成功をとりあげ、国家財政の中でも恒例・臨時の公事に要する経費調達を中心に分析を行った。 成功制という経費調達制度は、一○世紀後半に造営事業の請け負いにおいて出現し、一一世紀後半には用途進納形態をも含み込み、幅広い経費調達が可能となった。一〇世紀後半に再編された国家財政では経費は国宛(諸国に割りあてること) により賄われていたが、一一世紀末の受領統制の弛緩、一二世紀中期の庄園公領制の確立により、国宛は順次、その経費調達機能を低下させた。これに対応し、地下官人の成功が多用されていく。一二世紀中期より、成功での経費調達を目的に臨時除目が行われるようになり、ここに成功制は国家財政の一翼を担うに至るのである。また、衛門・兵衛といった官職が広く社会に浸透する起源は、一二世紀中期の成功制の変化に求められると考える。

Jogo 成功 which constitutes of offerings of personal property or acts of construction by applicants for installation to an office or ennoblement is usually categorised as " venality ", in other words, sale of ranks or offices. So, only its negative aspect has been inclined to be stressed. This article, to the contrary, appreciates the positive role played in the field of state finance by this system of raising national expenses. This analysis is centered upon the raising of funds required for Kuji 公事, held both regularly and irregularly by the Imperial Court, while taking up the case of Jogo practiced by Jige-kanjin 地下官人, courtiers under the sixth rank. The Jogo system had originated with the undertaking of construction enterprizes in the latter half of the 10th century. In the latter half of the next century, simple donation was added to it, which widened the gate of possible expense supplies. On the other hand, the financial system reorganized in the latter half of the 10th century had originally depended upon Kuniate 国宛. In short, it distributed the national expenditure to the countries. But the relaxation in the control of governor of a prefecture at the end of the 11th century, followed by the manorial system in the middle of the 12th century led to the gradual deterioration of the function of Kuniate. In contrast to this, Jogo by Jige-kanjin gathered more and more favor. Finally, in the middle of the 12th century Rinji-jimoku 臨時除目, an extraordinary installation, started with the purpose of collecting funds. Thus, the Jogo system became an inseparable part of the state finance. And in my opinion, this change is responsible for the wide penetration, witnessed in later ages, of such offices as Emon 衛門 and Hyoe 兵衛.