<論説>古典期アテナイにおけるフィリアと共同体 : 「何人でも欲するもの」による訴追について

Abstract

ポリス社会は市民の集合体であり、市民の個人的・私的生活をささえる人的紐帯は、とりもなおさずポリス社会の根底にあってポリスの構造を規定していたといえる。本論文では古典期アテナイにおいて個人をとりまきささえていた人間関係の一端を、訴訟において、いかなる第三者が被害者にかわって訴訟当事者となったのかに対象を限って検討する。アテナイの訴訟制度においては、特定の犯罪について公訴といって、被害者にかわって加害者を訴えることが任意の第三者にたいして許されていた。また殺人訴訟においても、被害者のための訴追が必然的に第三者によっておこなわれたことはいうまでもない。これらの第三者による訴追形式において、個々の市民は、周囲をとりまくさまざまな人々のうちいかなる範囲の人々の援助を、実際に期待し得たのだろうか。さらには、それら個人を支える近しいものとの人間関係は、全体としてポリス社会においていかなる意味を持ち、ポリス共同体をいかに支えていたのだろうか。

Polis society in Classical Athens consisted of various personal relationships which governed the private and public life of each individual citizen. We can cite, for example, the relationship between father and son, kinship, friendship, and social associations such as families, hetaireias, phratries, demes, and the polis community itself. Since the polis was a body of citizens, it could be said that the moral principles which regulated private and public social relationships among individual citizens at the same time provided the basis for the social and political structure of the polis. In this article, the authour focuses on one of these moral principles: the concept of 'philos' and 'philia' among the Greeks. All who were in close relationships, either kin or non-kin, from brothers to co-citizens, could be referred to by the general term 'philos' (philoi). 'Philia' referred to the ties among the 'philoi.' The author attempts to determine which social relationships supported public suits in Athens. In the Athenian legal system, any citizen who wished could prosecute offenders in certain public suits. The author concludes that those who took up public suits on behalf of an injured party as the prosecutors were, in fact, mainly those with close ties to the injured party, and not the citizens in general provided for by law. This situation corresponds to the moral principle concerning 'philia' among the Greeks. The Greeks thought that the amount of justice one owed to another person depended on the amount of 'philia' with him. For this reason, justice for the damaged person in public suits was supported mainly by the close 'philoi, ' who were more obliged to do justice for the damaged and not so much by citizens who were not as close. Thus the concept of 'philia' and the moral principle concerning it supported the system of public suits itself and influenced the ideal and practice of public justice in Athens.