<論説>漢代の掾史

Abstract

漢代における郡県の地方官府は中央派遣の数名の長宮・次官と、彼らによって地元から採用される多数の属吏によって構成される。漢初以来、属吏には卒史や令史等の等級が存在していたが、前漢後期以降、これに代わって掾や史といった等級が普及していく。本稿では、掾史という等級の性格を検討し、以下の結論を得た。すなわち卒史等の等級が百石・斗食等の官秩と結合し、属吏個入に付随するのに対し、掾史は固有の官秩をもたず、列曹・門下等の属吏の就く職に付随する。属吏は卒史や令史に任命されることによって特定の官秩を有し、これらの等級を保持したまま、何らかの職の掾史に「署」されることにより特定の職分をもつ。故に、一人の属吏が掾史であることと卒史等であることは矛盾しない。また、卒史等の等級は、秦以来の官制に明確な位置付けを有し、その任命には制度的規制が強く働いていた。一方、個々の職に付随する掾史への任命は、制度上の規定ではなく、官府の現場の評価による。このような性格をもつ掾史が前漢後期以降、急速に普及していくことは、卒史等の官秩に基づく序列の改編、すなわち、秦以来の一元的官制からの郡県官府の自律化を意味する。

In the Han period, the government of each commandery (jun 郡) and county (xian 県) was staffed by a few high-ranking officers appointed by the emperor, and a number of subordinates appointed by the officers themselves. In the early part of the Former Han period, these subordinates had ranks called zushi (卒史), lingshi (令史), etc. From the latter half of the Former Han, these ranks changed; zushi and lingshi disappeared from the historical records, and instead yuan (掾) and shi (史) became predominant. In this paper, the author discusses the meaning of the above change by focusing on the characteristics of the yuan and shi ranks. The conclusion is as follows: There were two ranking systems among the subordinates of the commandery and county. One, composed of the ranks yuan and shi, applied to those working within each commandery bureau and county office. The other, composed of the ranks zushi, syu (属), lingshi, sefu (嗇夫), etc, , entitled the holder to an official stipend. The latter formed one part of the Han bureaucracy, and the appointment of these rank holders was regulated by the imperial institution. However, appointments to the ranks of yuan and shi were based on appraisals made at the commandery and county levels, essentially free from systematic regulation, Thus, the spread of yuan and shi ranks, based on independent assessments by each commandery and county, signifies the reorganization of the ranking of zhi (秩) and thus, the strengthening of commandery and county autonomy.