<論説>イフリーキーヤにおけるアラブ諸軍団の反乱

Abstract

アッバース朝初期、七九四年から八三三年までイフリーキーヤで断続的につづいた一連のアラブが起こした騒乱は、これまでターリビーなどによって、アラブとイラン人の争いとか、アラブの部族間闘争とか、アッバース朝体制派とシーア派の争いなどと見られてきた。しかし、ウマイヤ朝、アッバース朝時代の東方の歴史に照らして考えれば、このような解釈はまったく空想的に過ぎないことがわかる。アラブはウマイヤ朝時代の征服以来、イフリーキーヤ外縁部のベルベルの侵攻を排除するため、三次または四次の波をなして、大挙、イフリーキーヤ内部に移住、定着した。その結果、征服者としての特権である土地・税収の分配が著しく不足するようになった。一連の騒乱はアッバース朝初期に定着したホラーサーン軍、シリア軍、バスラ軍の土地・税収の争奪と、ウマイや朝時代のエジプト出身の征服者の奪権闘争、さらに勝利した辺境のザーブ地方のホラーサーン軍による、専制化を進めたかれらの指導者アグラブ家に対する闘争からなる。

It is well known that Arab and Khurasani warriors initiated many revolts in Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia and northeast Algeria) in the early 'Abbasid caliphate. Talbi, who is the only person to give an in-depth analysis of the problem, interprets these revolts in the light of Yamani-Mudari inter-Arab tribal conflict or Sunni-Shi'i politico-religious strife. This stereotypical and totally misleading interpretation derives from his lack of knowledge of 'Abbasid history. In fact, neither Yarmani-Mudari nor Sunni-Shi'i conflict was then found anywhere in the Islamic world, let alone Ifriqiya. The real cause of the revolts was a shortage of wealth to be distributed after the Arabs had conquered the region; i.e. friction among the various Arab-Khurasani groups over the distribution of available property and tax revenue. The first revolt, after a temporary equilibrium under the Basran Muhallabid governors, was an uprising of the Khurasanis stationed in Tunus (Tunis) against the Basrans (who were mostly concentrated in Qayrawan) and the Syrians (who were divided into legions and settled in various localities), who had been favorably treated by the Muhallabid governors. This rebellion was led by two Khurasanis: 'Abdullah b. al-Jarud ('Abdawayh) and Ibn al-Farsi. (Interestingly, 'Abdawayh originally came from a family of Basran noblemen.) In the end, the Khurasanis were persuaded to lay down their arms by the new Khurasani army, which was sent from Baghdad by Caliph Harun al-Rashid under the command of Hartharna b. A'yan. Although some Syrians also joined the second revolt, it was basically an inter-Khurasani conflict between the Tunisian and Zabi armies. This revolt was also launched by Khurasani soldiers in Tunus under the leadership of the governor of Tunus, Tammam b. Tamim, because the 'Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya attempted to reduce their salaries so that he would have enough to cover the salaries of a large Khurasani garrison under the command of Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab in Zab, the westernmost outpost on the border with Maghrib (western Algeria and Morocco). The victor, Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab, himself a Khurasani, was subsequently appointed governor of Ifriqiya. The third revolt was an uprising in Tunus by Ifriqi Arabs of Egyptian origin (descendants of the Arab conquerors of Ifriqiya) who had previously lost their land and prerogatives to the Khurasanis. It was led by Khuraysh (Hamdis), whose father-in-law, Hasan b. Harb, had led a rebellion thirty-five years previously. Ifriqis from all over the territory flocked to Tunus to join the revolt. They were easily defeated by the Khurasanis, who were sent from Qayrawan by Ibrahim. As time went by, the Zabi Khurasanis became increasingly alienated by their old comrade, Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab, as he became increasingly autocratic, basing his power on newly recruited foreign mercenaries (Italians and Negroes). The Zabi Khurasanis (led by 'Imran b. Mujalid, once Ibrahim's confidant), Syrians (led by 'Amr b. Mu'awiya), and Basrans (led by 'Amir b. al-Mu'ammar), coalesced against Ibrahim, but the rebellion dissolved when Ibrahim offered them salaries. This revolt was resumed and developed into the final and largest revolt by Mansur b. Nasr, 'Amir b. Nafi', and 'Abd al-Salam b. al-Mufarraj, Khurasani Arab leaders and prominent landlords. The governor Ziyadatullah, Ibrahim's son, bided his time, waiting for quarrels and in-fighting to create divisions among the rebels, while diverting Arab attention to the conquest of Sicily.