<論説>検非違使別当と使庁 : 庁務の構造と変遷

Abstract

本稿では、平安時代における検非違使庁の政務(庁務) の仕組みとその変遷を明らかにした。まず、『中右記』永久二年記を素材に別当家における「庁座」と「門前」、使庁における<政>と<内問>の役割を考え、次に、十二世紀の庁務のあり方を復元した後、十世紀から十二世紀に至る庁務の変遷を辿ってみた。その結果、本来、使庁の政舎で佐が主宰して毎日行なわれていた<政>を中核とした庁務のあり方が、摂関期以降、別当家を中心とするシステムに変化したことを確認した。変化の背景には、十世紀後期以降の<政>の衰退によって検非違使官人が参会する機会が減少し、日常的な庁務の多くが各官人の許に個別化・分散化したため、庁務を再統合する必要が生じたこと、権門体制への移行にともない権門間の利害調整に別当が直接当たる必要が生じたことなどが考えられる。以上のような変化は、鎌倉時代以降における庁務の起点と見なしうるもので、いわば古代的な使庁から中世的な使庁への転換を示す現象であったと評価できる。

Based on the diary of Fujiwara Munetada, early 12th century betto (chief administrator) of the kebiishicho (office of the Heian-kyo magistrate), this paper considers the transition in structure of the kebiishicho court during the Heian period. First, the paper examines the typical content and function of trials that occurred in front of the betto's residence and in front of the kebiishicho, respectively. Then, in terms of the restoration of the kebiishicho system in the 12th century, the change from the 10th to the 12th century is considered. As a result, it becomes clear that from the late 10th century, courts held at the magistrate's office (「政」) consisting of officials other than the betto gradually declined in occurrence and were replaced by abbreviated tribunals held in front of the betto's residence involving only the officials responsible for that particular incident. As a consequence of the diminishing opportunity for gathering officials at the kebiishicho, the management police and judicial administration devolved into the hands of various officials of the kebiishicho. Thus, as background for the concentration of judicial activity at the betto's residence, management of the tribunal had to be reunified in the hands of the betto. Furthermore, since many offenders of the period were under the protection of aristocrats, court officials, or powerful religious institutions, in the process of investigating the incident and arresting the offender, a personage of the betto's high aristocratic status was necessary in order to conduct negotiations with the various powers. The above transition become the starting point for the kebiishicho judicial system from the Kamakura period on, and thus it is possible to assess it as the turning point of the ancient from of the kebiishicho to its medieval type.