<論説>フランドル伯シャルル・ル・ボンの殉教 : 一二世紀前半における君主と支配理念

Abstract

一一二七年三月二日に暗殺されたフランドル伯シャルル・ル・ボンは、ただちに殉教者とみなされるようになる。この殉教は従来の研究史において単なるエピソードとしかみなされてこなかったが、しかし中世初期以来強い政治的機能を帯びながらキリスト教辺境地帯に存在してきた殉教する君主、聖人としての君主の伝統、およびシャルルが「正義」のために死んだとみなされていることを考えるならば、このシャルルの殉教も政治的意味合いのなかで考察されねばならない。本稿は、シャルルを殉教者とみなしているテクストの形式的・機能的分析からシャルルの殉教を従来の伝統のなかに位置づけ、ついでこの殉教を政治的・思想的コンテクストに照らして検討することによってシャルルの殉教のもつ政治性を明らかにするよう試みる。その過程で、この殉教が従来の伝統のなかでもつ特性だけでなく、一二世紀前半における君主と支配理念をめぐる転換までもが明らかになるであろう。

The martyrdom of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, who was assassinated on 2 March 1127, has only been an incidental theme in the history of medieval Flanders. However, there were cases of martyred sovereigns, particularly in northern and eastern medieval Europe, that contributed to the development of early states by fostering strong ties between churches and rulership. Like his father, Canut IV of Denmark, Charles was seen as a martyr, and contemporary writers, such as Galbert of Bruges and Walter of Therouanne, wrote that Charles died for "justice", so his martyrdom must be considered in a political context. If his martyrdom is considered in the context of his political administration and western political ideas in the early twelfth-century, the particular role of a martyred sovereign in compensating a crisis in society or politics is revealed. Furthermore, such cosideration indicates the turning-point in the authorization of sovereignty in western political thought, that is, the transition from holy sovereignty in early medieval Europe to that authorized by judicial or juristic elements in the later medieval period. The martyrdom of Charles the Good had a great impact on contemporary Flemish society, and thus, he can be placed among the figures of martyred sovereigns.