<論説>元代集賢院の設立

Abstract

本稿では、これまで正面から取り上げられたことがなかった元代の集賢院について、その成立時期にあたる至元年間を中心に、集賢院設立までの経緯・人物・主要な活動・他機関との関連などを詳細に考察した。集賢院成立の背景には，従来から強調されてきた道教と政権を結ぶ組織の整備という目的だけでなく、政権に役立つ人物を任用する機関を作る目的があった。その役割は、皇室の志向や他機関との相互影響などによって、教育機関の統轄・所属機関への影響などを含め、その後少しずつ変化したが、すべて当初の集賢官が具有した「集賢(賢才を集める) 」という枠組みから理解できる。また、至元後期に成立したことから、任用の側面でも、道教や教育管理の側面でも、新興勢力である江南と結びつきが強かった。元代の官吏任用について、科挙だけではない多様な出仕経路の制度的裏づけにも注意を広げていく必要がある。

This essay examines the understudied Academy of Scholarly Worthies (集賢院) of the Yuan period, with an emphasis on its formative period during the Zhiyuan (至元1264-95) reign. It analyzes in detail the circumstance and personalities related to the Academy's establishment, its functions, as well as its relation to other administrative organs. Previous studies have stressed the court's desire to institutionally link Daosim with political power in the establisment of the Academy. However, it was also intended as a means to recruit men useful to political authorities. While the Academy's function, incluing its supervision over educational institutions and its influence over other institutions, changed gradually according to the various directives of the imperial family and other administrative organs, they all can be understood in terms of the original intention behind the founding of the Academy. Further whether considered from the perspective of personal selection or the supervision of Daoism and education, the fact that the Academy was established late during the Zhiyuan reign, when the Monglols finally extended control over the Jiangnan region, makes clear the Academy's strong links to the newly ascendant Jiangnan (江南) region. It is vital to pay due consideration to the fact that recruiting officials, the Yuan dynasty used a variety of institutional means to complement the examination systems.