<論説>一三世紀チェコにおける貴族共同体の展開と王権

Abstract

一四世紀以降、チェコでは徐々に二元的国制が姿を現すが、領邦身分の成長は主に王権に対抗できる貴族共同体の成立という観点から研究がすすめられてきた。しかし従来の研究は共同体理念の析出に焦点が置かれ、さらに、成立した共同体は単線的に発展を遂げてゆくことが前提として捉えられてきた。本稿は、貴族たちの現実の行為から共同体の成立を考察することを試み、そのため君主の司宰する集会への貴族の関与を分析した。また、一三世紀の後半、チェコでは王の戦死、後継者の国外連行という非常事態をむかえた。国王不在となったこの時期、プラハ司教を中心とした貴族たちが集団で治安を維持したといわれる。このような貴族の政治行動は、貴族共同体の展開においてどのような意味をもつのであろうか。貴族たちの一連の政治行動において中心的役割を果たしたと目される、プラハ司教トビアーシュの書簡を手掛かりにして検討する。

Since the 14th century, the dual structure of political power appeared gradually in Czech. Most studies have been done mainly from the viewpoint of the growth of the aristocratic community that opposed to the king. But those studies focused on extracting the idea of community and are based on the assumption that such community would keep developing smoothly. In this paper, in order to see the growth of the aristocratic community through the activities of the aristocrats, I analyzed their participation in the assembly that was held by the king. Besides, in the latter half of the 13th century, an emergency that a king and his successor were absent happened, because of a death in battle and the taking of his heir out of the country. At that time, it is said that the aristocrats tried to keep order collectively. What does this political activity mean for the development of the aristocratic community? I examined this with the letters written by Tobias, bishop of Prague, who is considered a central figure in a series of such activity.