<論説>「ブレスト教会合同 (一五九五-九六年) 」の社会的背景 : 近世ポーランド・リトアニア「共和国」におけるルテニアの正教会

Abstract

「ルブリン合同(一五六九年) 」以降、ポーランド・リトアニア「共和国」を構成したルテニアの人々は、その民族的出自や宗派的アイデンティティが自身の政治的地位に及ぼす影響という点において、二つの部分に分けられた。出自や宗派の相違は、ルテニア貴族が「共和国」の貴族特権を享受するのを妨げなかったが、逆に平民である都市民や正教会聖職者は、その出自・宗派ゆえに「共和国」において劣位に置かれた。正教徒の世俗勢力－都市民と有力貴族が協調して展開したルテニア文化擁護活動から阻害され孤立した正教会高位聖職者は、カトリックとの教会合同を通じて、独自に「共和国」における自らの政治的権隈の強化を模索する。「ブレスト教会合同」に際して正教会主教らが提起した合同条件(一五九五年) は、カトリックの司教と同等の政治的地位を要求すると同時に、ルシ諸公国以来の古い身分体系と関連するルテニアの世俗優位の構造を覆す意図をも含んでいた。

After the Union of Lublin (1569), the Polish nobility's "Commonwealth" had been extended over the whole of Ruthenia (the Orthodox, East-Slavic regions). The Ruthenian people were then divided roughly in two: those who stood to benefit from the new regime and those who did not. For the Ruthenian nobility, their own ethnic origin and confessional identity were not obstacles to attainment of the privileges enjoyed by the Polish and Lithuanian Catholic nobles. On the other hand, the common people and Orthodox clergy, faced discrimination because of their ethnicity and faith. In the framework of the "Commonwealth, " their political positions were inferior to those of their Catholic counterparts. Although Ruthenian Orthodox townspeople, who were also commoners, maintained cooperative relationships with the Orthodox magnates and might be supported by them, the Orthodox hierarchy itself could not establish such a partnership based on a common faith and thus became increasingly isolated. The isolated clerical hierarchy intended to strengthen its political position in relation to that of laity by realizing a union with the Catholic Church. "The 33 articles, " which the Orthodox hierarchy presented to the Pope and Polish king as conditions for the union, concretely demonstrate the demands of the Orthodox hierarchy. The Ruthenian Orthodox hierarchy expected the Union of Brest (1595- 96) to bring them political equality with not only the Catholic hierarchy, but also the Orthodox lay Robles.