<論説>ナポレオン時代のポーランドとリトアニア : 一八一二年ポーランド王国総連盟にみる国家像

Abstract

一八世紀末に分割されたポーランド=リトアニア連合国家「共和国」は、一八一二年のナポレオンによるモスクワ遠征の際、旧領土全体に及ぶ独立回復の機会を迎えていた。分割前の「共和国」はポーランド王国とリトアニア大公国からなる多民族複合国家であったが、遠征開始から数日後にワルシャワ公国で結成されたポーランド王国総連盟は「ポーランド王国」の復活を宣言する。一九世紀初頭のこの地の国家像に関する研究は、従来、国家の複合性を十分には検討してこなかった。しかしながら、旧「共和国」地域では、この後一九世紀を通じて各民族ごとのナショナリズムが芽生えてゆくこととなる。そこで本稿では、旧「共和国」内の地域的複合性に留意しつつ、ポーランド王国総連盟とそれへのリトアニア貴族の対応を検討することで、ポーランド・リトアニア双方の貴族が抱いたモスクワ遠征当時の国家像を探ってゆく。

At the time of Napoleon's Russian Campaign in 1812, the former Polish-Lithuanian state attained the opportunity to regain its independence. On June 28th the General Confederation of the Polish Kingdom was organized in Warsaw and declared the restoration of the Polish Kingdom, although before its collapse (1795), the Polish-Lithuanian state had been a dual, multiethnic state called "the Republic of the Two Nations." In the Republic the nobility had sovereignty, and, whatever their ethnicity, all the nobility considered themselves Poles, while the nobility in Lithuania on the other hand had maintained Lithuanian national consciousness. The purpose of this article is to consider how the nobility of Poland and Lithuania viewed their new state. Therefore I have investigated not only the documents of the General Confederation of the Polish Kingdom, but also the Lithuanian nobility's attitudes toward the General Confederation. The following points have been revealed. First, at the beginning of the 19th century, unlike the period prior to its collapse, the nobility in both Poland and Lithuania referred to the unified state as Poland or the Polish Kingdom, not as the Republic. They avoided the terms, such as "the Republic, " that were reminiscent of the anarchy that had led their fatherland to ruin. On the other hand, the nobility often invoked memories of the greatness of the fatherland, that is to say, the Republic, and referred to their own class's honor and solidarity. Furthermore, when the Provisional Government in Lithuania organized by Napoleon joined the General Confederation of the Polish Kingdom, it reiterated the historical separateness of the Lithuanian state and the Lithuanian Rational consciousness, as they had done before the partitions of the state. Thus, although the Republic had perished, the new state remained based on the notion of "a political nation" composed solely of the nobility, which allowed the nob-ty to retain multidimensional national consciousness, and not based on that of "an ethno-linguistic nation" embracing all social classes, a concept which had already appeared in some writings of their contemporaries. Within the territory of the former Republic, ethno-linguistic nationalism of various peoples began to appear during the second half of the 19th century. However, the multidimensional national consciousness of the nobility also continued to exist, and the framework of the ancient Republic continued to have political and historical significance until the 20th century.