<論説>西国国衙における在庁官人制の解体 : 安芸国衙関係史料の再検討

Abstract

本稿では、幕府勢力が最も円滑に国衙機構に入り込み、守護による在庁機構の統率・掌握に成功したとされる安芸国の史料を読み直していくことを通じて、中世国衙とそれを支える在庁官人制の問題について考察した。まず守護と在庁機構の関係について、石井進氏によって示された公廨田割替論と守護による在庁兄部職兼帯の内実について再検討を行った。その結果、公廨田割替は守護による国衙在庁機構の統制手段とはみなし得ないこと、在庁兄部職は国衙から遊離することで本来の役割は形骸化し、国衙と在庁兄部宗孝親の対立もままみられることを示した。守護が在庁兄部職を梃子に制度的に国衙在庁機構を支配し、その機能を吸収していったという図式は、史料からは導けないのである。続いて在庁機構の主たる物的基盤になっていた国衙領について、その変容を跡付けた。一三世紀中頃には国衙―「郷々公文」という機構的な形での国衙領支配体制が確認できたが、一三世紀後半には武家勢力のために国衙領は動揺していき、一四世紀には「国衙一円進止之地」へと縮小・再編された。ただしそれはもはや在庁機構を体制的に支える性質は具備していなかった。在庁官人制はその基盤の動揺によって一三世紀後半に解体への流れが決定的となり、それに支えられた国衙機能も大きく後退することになったのである。地方行政機構としての国衙の性質はかくしてその実質を失っていった。鎌倉後期における<幕府による国衙機能の吸収>という問題を考えるにあたっては、幕府の積極性を過度に評価する前に、こうした国衙の行政執行能力の喪失という状況が背景にあったことに留意する必要があると考える。

In this article, I examine the issues of medieval provincial government offices, kokuga 国衙, and zaicho-kanjin(local government personnel) who supported them through a re-examination of historical sources from the province of Aki, where bakufu power is thought to have been introduced most smoothly into the provincial government organization and the leadership and control over zaicho-kanjin by the syugo 守護 was successful. First, in regard to the relationship between the syugo and provincial government organization, I re-examine Ishii Susumu's theory of the redistribution of the fields devoted to the support of zaicho-kanjin, kugaiden 公廨田, and the reality of the rights of the director of the provincial office, zaicho-konokobe-shiki 在庁兄部職. As a result I point out that the redistribution of kugaiden could not have been used as a method by the syugo to control the organization of provincial government, that by separating the zaicho-konokobe from the hokuga, its original role became fossilized, and that the conflict between the kokuga and the zaicho-konokobe Sou Takachika 宗孝親 was starkly visible. The schema that shows the syugo employing the zaicho-konokobe-shiki as leverage to systematically control the local organization of the provincial government and thus assume its functions cannot be deduced from historical sources. I continue by marking the changes in the territory of the provincial government, kokugaryo 国衙領, which was the material base of the provincial government organization. I have confirmed that the gogo-kumon 郷々公文(clerical officials at the district level), was an organization that controlled provincial government territory in the kokuga of the mid-13th century. In the second half of the 13th century, the kokugaryo was shaken by the rise of warrior power, and by the 14th century it was reduced and re-organized into the kokuga-ichien-shinshi-no-chi 国衙一円進止之地 (territory entirely under the control of the kokuga). However, kokugaryo no longer had the capacity to support the system of provincial government organization. The zaicho-kanjin system was thus fated for liquidation in the latter half of the 13th century due to this disruption of its foundations and the functions of the kokuga which had been supported by this system declined greatly. The character of the kokuga as a regional administrative organization lost its reality in this manner. When considering the assumption of the functions of the kokuga by the bakufu幕府 in Kamakura times, it is necessary to consider the background of the loss of administrative capacity by the kokuga and hesitate before over- estimating any decisive actions on the part of the bakufu.