<論説>平安時代宮廷社会の〈土器〉

Abstract

平安時代における宮廷社会の饗宴儀礼は、勧盃者の飲酒が伴い土器を用いる旬儀型と、勧盃者が飲酒せず朱器などを使用する節会型に大別できる。日常的な儀礼形態である旬儀型では様器の盃から土器への変更が頻繁になされたが、様器は土器の延長線上に位置する器とみるのがよく、使用の背景には饗宴主催者の装飾の意図が窺える。一方、様器から改められる土器の多くは春日土器であり、それは黒色土器に相当すると推測され、土器を必要とする社会構造の起点を春日土器の登場に求めることができる。このような点からも、八世紀後葉から九世紀前葉にかけての＜土器＞の変容は、律令官僚制の展開に関連づけるのが適当で、律令官人の常食制の崩壊が須恵器生産の解体に影響し、公卿制の成立が土器を用いる旬儀型の饗宴儀礼の活況を引き起こしたものと考える。

Banquets held at the Court in the Heian period can be divided into two basic types. One is the shungi type 旬儀型 that is characterized by toasting and the drinking of liquor by the toaster and the use of earthenware vessels. The second, sechie type 節会型, is characterized by the absence of drinking by toasters and the use of lacquer ware. In the shungi type banquet, which was the standard ceremonial form, yoki ware 様器 was frequently replaced by earthenware. Yoki ware can be seen as being in same category as earthenware, and its use reveals the host's intent to embellish the ceremony. On the other hand, earthenware that replaced the yoki ware in this variety of banquet was usually called Kasuga-doki 春日土器, which is surmised to have been the equivalent of the variety known as smoked Haji ware 黒色土器. The appearance of the Kasuga-doki type of pottery marks the beginning of society in which the demand for earthenware was great. From this standpoint, it has been noted that the change in the style of pottery that occurred in the later half of the eighth century to the early ninth century is related to the development of the Ritsuryo bureaucratic state, as the cessation of daily meal service for bureaucrats influenced the extinction of Sue ware production, and the formation of Kugyo system 公卿制 stimulated the rise of the shungi type banquet that was characterized by the use of earthenware.