<論説>歴史的なモニュメントの碑刻銘文資料が語るもの : 西暦一二―一五世紀アナトリアの場合 (特集 : モニュメント)

Abstract

本稿では実地調査に基づく、西暦一二―一五世紀のアナトリアに残された各種の「モニュメント」に付された碑板や刻文の実例十五点をテクストと共に提示して内容を紹介した。一二―一三世紀のセルジュク朝時代、支配者の称号は「スルターン」であり、アッバース朝のハリーファへの臣従を示す表現に大きな意味があった。一四世紀前半のベイリク時代は「スルターン」称号は用いられず、支配者は「偉大なアミール」を名乗る。一四世紀後半になって諸ベイリクでの「スルターン」称号使用が復活する。オスマーン朝は「スルターン」に加えてムラード一世の時代から、それまでのアナトリアではモンゴル支配時代の一時期を除いて使用例が見られない「ハーカーン」称号及び「バーヤズィード・ハーン」のような表現を使用し始める。そしてこのような称号や表現の使用は継承され、オスマーン朝という国家の支配者の自己認識の特徴の一つとなったと考えられるのである。

In this article I present the Arabic texts of 14 stone and one wooden inscriptions, their Japanese translations and commentaries on their contents. The inscriptions come from the second half of the 12th to the first half of the 15th century and are found in Anatolia and Rumelia (Konya, Sivas, Alanya, Karatay-Han near Kayseri, Beyshehir, Manisa, Karaman, Antalya, Iznik, Bursa, Edirne, Dimetka). I visited all the monuments that are the sources of the inscriptions presented in this article. An investigation of the contents of these inscriptions led to the following conclusions. 1. In the Seljuqid periods, sovereigns used the titles sultan and shahanshah, which means "king of the kings" in Persian, in their inscriptions. The Seljuq sultans in Anatolia also made use of the expressions like nasir (assistant), qasim (partner), Or Burhan (proof) of "amir al-Mu'minin (the commander-in-chief of the believers). The use of these expressions makes clear the importance of the Abbasid Khalifate in the Seljuq dynasty of Anatolia. After the Mongol attacks on Baghdad and the downfall of the Abbasid Khalifate in the middle of the 13th century, such expressions cease to appear in the inscriptions. 2. In the first half of the 14th century, the sovereigns of the local Beyliks preferred to use the title of al-amir al-kabir (great amir) in place of sultan of the Seljuq periods. Except for a few examples from the Mongol (the Il-Khan) sovereigns, such as Uljaitu and Abu Sa'id, the local sovereigns in Anatolia, including the early Ottomans, did not use the title of sultan in their monumental inscriptions. But during the second half of the same century, there appear examples of the title sultan being used in some inscriptions. It is worth noting that the use of the title khaqan appears in some inscriptions form the reign of Murad I, the third sovereign of the Ottoman dynasty. The reason why the Ottoman sovereigns were titled khaqan is not clear. In comparison with the Seljuq period, the use of laqab, like Ghiyath al-Dunya wa al-Din, for the sovereigns became less restricted among the early Ottomans. 3. From the reign of Muhammad I, the Ottoman sovereigns made use of the two titles, sultan and khagan together in their inscriptions. The famous conqueror of Istanbul, Muhammad II (Fatih), called himself "sultan al-barrayn" (sultan of the two lands) khaqan al-bahrayn (khaqan of the two seas) in the inscription of Bab-i Humayun in Istanbul. These dual expressions became the official titles of the Ottoman sovereigns after Muhammad the Conqueror.