<論説>古代東北アジアにおける馬具の製作年代 : 三燕・高句麗・新羅

Abstract

近年、東北アジア各地から出土する馬具を一連の系統として理解する研究が盛んにおこなわれている。しかし、各地から出土する馬具の併行関係や年代観については未だ意見の一致をみていない。そこで本稿では、製作技術と機能という観点から、三燕・高句麗・新羅地域出土馬具の相対編年と併行関係について検討をおこない、紀年墓などから出土した良好な年代決定資料をもとに各段階におおよその年代を与えた。技術や機能の変化を広域編年の指標とすることによって、各地の様々な事象が整合的に説明できることが明らかとなった。一方で鏡板轡をはじめとする装飾性の高い騎乗用馬具セットの成立時期には、前燕(四世紀中葉) 、高句麗(四世紀後葉～五世紀初頭) 、新羅(五世紀前葉～中葉) と若干の時期差が認められ、その背景には活発な地域間交流だけでなく、各王権の政治的意図が強く反映されている可能性を指摘した。

In recent years, it has been clearly recognized that the horse trappings excavated from sites from across ancient northeast Asia constitute a series of objects from the same lineage. However, there is no consensus on the mutual relationships of horse trappings excavated from each area or on their dates of manufacture. Therefore, this paper discusses the dates of manufacture of horse trappings excavated from the area composed of the Three Yan 三燕 kingdoms, Koguryo 高句麗 and Silla 新羅 from the standpoints of manufacturing technology and function. First, I have made a relative chronology showing the mutual relations of each area. Secondly, based on absolute dates from such sources as tombs whose date is certain, I have assigned dates to each manufacturing stage. As a result, I was able to set an upper limit and thereby determined that the date of the horse trappings of Hwangnamudaechong Nambun 皇南大塚南墳 that have had a great influence on the dating of the Silla tombs, for which there are no securely datable artifacts, cannot date back to the beginning of the 5th century. Thus, I concluded that the owner of the horse trappings was King Nulgi 訥祇, who died in 458. In addition, by indicating changes in manufacturing technologies and function over a broad area and across time, it has become possible to explain various phenomena in each area systematically in relation to those in others. Moreover, it has become clear that there was a time lag in the creation of the highly decorative sets of horse trappings, which included cheek-plate bits, in the Three Yan kingdoms, which took place in the middle of the 4th century, in Koguryo, which occurred from the late 4th century to the beginning of the 5th century, and in Silla, in the first half of the 5th century. As these dates conform to a turning point in the history of each country, I pointed out the possibility that this reflected not only active regional interactions but also the political will of each royal power.