<論説>九州停戦命令をめぐる政治過程 : 豊臣「惣無事令」の再検討 (特集 : 戦争)

Abstract

天正十三年(一五八五) 冬、羽柴(豊臣) 秀吉は島津義久に対し、九州における戦闘停止を命じたが、この出来事は秀吉の全国統一過程、すなわち戦国争乱の最終過程を論じる際に注目され、「平和」の実現を狙った政策か否かは今日重要な論点となっている。本稿は、天正十四年七月の対島津戦開戦以前の政治過程を復元し直すことで、上記の九州停戦命令を再考しようとしたものであり、(1)停戦命令は九州派兵が困難な情勢下で採られた方策で、「和戦」双方を視野に入れていた。そして畿内近国・東国・西国の情勢に規定されながら、ある時期は「和」の比重が、また、ある時期は「戦」の比重が高まり、遂には対島津戦突入へと至った。(2)「平和」の実現という切り口から、停戦命令を惣無事令として捉える学説には賛成できない。(3)島津攻めが既定方針であったことを強調する学説は、九州政策の変遷を踏まえた主張とは言い難い点などを主張している。

Hashiba (Toyotomi) Hideyoshi ordered a ceasefire with Shimazu Yoshihisa to end the fighting in Kyushu in Tensho 13 (1585), but this event has been a point of contention in historical studies of the process of Hideyoshi's unification of the nation, i.e. the cessation of the conflicts of the Warring States period, and whether the aim of the policy was to bring about an end to warfare and institute a period of general peace is still a critical issue. This article reconsiders the above-mentioned order for a ceasefire in Kyushu by again revisiting the political process prior to the opening of hostilities against the Shimazu in the seventh month of Tensho 14. The ceasefire e order was a policy taken during a period when the dispatch of troops to Kyushu was not proceeding smoothly and the possibility of both war and peace were still being considered. Then, in determining the situation in the capital provinces as well as those in both the eastern and western provinces, the choice of peace at times weighed heavier while at others the choice for war weighed heavier in the balance, and finally this process led to the decision to open war against the Shimazu. The theory that takes the coming of peace as an opening linking the ceasefire order to the order for general peace cannot be supported. I also argue that the theory that stresses the attack on the Shimazu was a predetermined policy is difficult to understand as being based on transition in the Kyushu policy.