<論説>魏晋周辺民族官印制度の復元と『魏志倭人伝』印

Abstract

『魏志倭人伝』記載の「親魏倭王」「率善中郎将・校尉」の三印は周知のところである。しかし、その授与理由には、遠路勤労の賞賜、倭国実力の高さ、いや買いかぶり、呉との接近を阻む、など意見は区々である。それらはひとえに、魏の周辺民族対策の全貌が不明なままの水掛け論に過ぎない。その解明には、早く大庭脩氏が『親魏倭王』(学生社、一九七一年) で先鞭をつけた、魏晋授与の新出周辺民族官印を収集整理し、文献記載と対応させる方法が有効である。大庭氏のとき、六顆であった魏晋新出印は、その後の四〇年程でその年数と同数に達した。本稿はそれらを網羅集成し検討を加え、魏晋周辺民族官印制度は、一、国王印、二、帰義王侯印、三、王侯以下への率善印、の三ランクとなる復元に成功した。即ち「魏晋倭王」印は第一ランク、「率善中郎将・校尉」印は第三ランクとなる。さらに、当時のアジア東北縁辺部の情勢中に、それら璽印を位置付けることに努めた。

The three seals mentioned in the section of the Weishu 魏書 that is known as the Gishi Wajinden 魏志倭人伝 in Japan, i.e. 1) the Seal of the King of Wo who is Friendly to Wei 親魏倭王印, 2) the Seal of the Leader of the Court Gentleman who Leads for the Good 率善中郎将印, 3) and the Seal of Commandant who Leads for the Good 率善校尉印 are the core elements of the passage concerned with Wo 倭 (Jp. Wa) becoming a guardian state 藩屏 of Wei 魏. However, the meaning of the bestowal of these seals, what they mean in terms of Wei's evaluation of Wo, is a matter of scholarly debate. This is due to the fact that arguments have proceeded without sufficiently clarifying the critical issue of the Wei policy toward neighboring peoples. In order to grasp this policy in its entirety, Oba Osamu's Shingi wao (The King of Wa who was Friendly with Wei), published by Gakuseisha in 1971, provides an early example of an effective methodology for compiling and organizing the newly excavated official seals for neighboring peoples bestowed by the Wei and Jin 晋 dynasties and comparing them with written sources. In Oba's day there were only six newly excavated Wei and Jin seals extant, but as of 2008 there were over 40. In addition, during that span a number of excellent works on official seals have been published in China. This study includes a comprehensive compilation of such examples and re-examines the written sources, thereby succeeding in a re-construction of the policy of the Wei and Jin governments to bestow of official seals on foreign peoples. As a result of this study it is clear that the system of bestowal of official seals was composed of three ranks, which are in descending order of prestige, the Guowang yin 国王印, a seal awarded to kings, the Guiyi yin 帰義印, a seal for princes and nobles, and the Shuaishan yin 率善印, a seal for those of lesser status. Therefore the Seal of the King of Wo who is Friendly to Wei was of the first rank and the seals of the Leader of the Court Gentlemen who Leads for the Good and that the Commandant were of the third. In the northeast Asian region, the period in which Wo (Wa) appears in Gishi Wajinden is the period of the destruction of the Gongsun公孫lineage and the subsequent expansion of Wei to the northeast. I have demonstrated that the bestowal of the Seal of the Leader of the Court Gentlemen who Leads for the Good and the Seal of the Commandant 校(都)尉 who Leads for the Good in Three Han 三韓 and Wo during such a period were extraordinary examples of such official seals.