<論説>「ハジャチ合意」 (一六五八―五九年) にみるルテニア国家の創出

Abstract

十七世紀半ば、ルテニアの東南部一帯をポーランド=リトアニア国家(共和国) から事実上独立させたコサックは、コサックの自国への帰順を図る共和国との間で「ハジャチ合意」(一六五八年) を成立させ、共和国議会での批准(翌年) に至らせた。ハジャチ合意では、コサック上層部が共和国貴族身分に統合され、その統治領域は「ルテニア公国」として共和国構成国となる。本稿では、共和国の他の合同やコサックとモスクワ大公国との協定と対照させることで、ハジャチ合意の特徴を明確にした。ハジャチ合意では、ポーランド=リトアニア間の「ルブリン合同」(一五六九年) と比較して宗派問題が大きな比重を占め、コサックのモスクワ臣従表明「ペレヤスラフ協定」(一六五四年) との対比においても、コサック自治やルテニア地域の位置づけが聖俗両面でより具体的に規定されている。さらにハジャチ合意が否定する「ブレスト教会合同」(一五九六年) との間には、ルテニアの正教会高位聖職者に元老院議席を付与するという共通点が指摘できる。

Ruthenian lands, which made up the south-eastern part of the early modern Polish-Lithuanian State (the Commonwealth) was quite a large area that had a peculiar historical and cultural background. However, Ruthenia had never been an administrative entity like the Kingdom of Poland or the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the two states over which stretched Ruthenia. In such a situation, the Orthodox Church (Kievan Metropolitanate) was the sole representative of Ruthenian ethnic unity within the Commonwealth, although its higher clergy had none of the political rights of the Roman Catholic bishops who were accorded seats in Commonwealth' s senate. The Cossacks, who began to rule over the Eastern borderlands of Ruthenia, could change this situation. When the Khmelnytskyi uprising (1648) overwhelmed the Commonwealth army, the Hetmanate (the Cossack government) sought independence from the Commonwealth. Khmelnytskyi attempted to maintain autonomy by accepting the suzerainty of Moscovian Tsardom ("the Pereiaslav Treaty"). Later, his successor Vykhovskyi sought to gain independence by returning to the Commonwealth. The Hadiach Agreement was the climax of Cossack-Commonwealth negotiations during Vykhovskyi's reign. According to the Hadiach document, the Cossack territory was titled the "Duchy of Ruthenia" and admitted as a state within the Commonwealth: as the third component of the Commonwealth, next to the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In this article the Hadiach Agreement is examined mainly in comparison with the Union of Lublin (1569), which was the legal basis for the Polish-Lithuanian federation, and the Church Union of Brest (1596), which was an attempt to unify the Ruthenian Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church, and with the Pereiaslav Treaty (1654), which amounted to the vassalage of Cossacks to the Moscovian Tsar. By comparing Hadiach Agreement with those unions or the treaty, its peculiar features can be distinguished, especially in religious matters. Confessional matters are an outstanding feature of the Hadiach Agreement, while in the Union of Lublin there is no particular concern with religious matters. Religious factors were of great importance in concluding the Pereiaslav Treaty, where Orthodox Cossacks chose to become vassals of the Orthodox Tsar, but no concrete settlement about the juridical status of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church is shown therein, in contrast with the specific settlements on that church in the Hadiach Agreement. Concerning this special importance of confessional issues in the Hadiach Agreement, it also needs to be compared with the Church Union of Brest. The Hadiach Agreement, which officially acknowledged only Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism and denied further expansion of Uniatism, has tended to be regarded as a denial of the Church Union of Brest. However, this article makes a point of interpreting the Hadiach Agreement as moving in the same direction as the Church Union of Brest, considering the fact that both demanded that the Ruthenian higher clergy of the Eastern rite (either Orthodox or Uniate) be granted equal political rights (i.e. senatorial seats) as the Roman Catholic bishops. In this respect the Hadiach Agreement was a kind of adaptation not only of the Union of Lublin but also of the Church Union of Brest in the federalist context of the Commonwealth.