<論説>カントナリスモと歴史の利用 : カントン・ムルシアーノを中心に

Abstract

本稿では一八七三年スペイン第一共和制期に起こったカントナリスモと呼ばれる革命運動を取り上げた。カントナリスモは、その革命言説の曖昧さから、初期社会主義運動か否か、あるいは地域ナショナリズムか連邦共和主義かという多様な解釈の間で揺れ続けてきた。この解釈群に対し、本稿は歴史の利用という観点からその革命言説を分析することで革命像の転換を図った。その結果、カントナリストらは一六世紀のヘルマニアスの反乱を自身らの求める連邦主義の祖とみなし、その完遂を求めて歴史を利用していたこと。他方、彼らに対立した連邦共和党執行部の連邦主義は、カントナリストのそれとは大きく異なる歴史認識に基づいたものであったこと。さらに両者の対立が一九世紀の歴史認識の流れに対応したものであったことを示し、最後に一六世紀の反乱の利用がこの革命の方向性に影響を与え、また様々に解釈可能な革命像を与えることにつながったと結論付けた。

This article alters the image of the revolutionary movement known as Cantonalismo of 1873 during the period of the First Spanish Republic by examining it from the viewpoint of the uses of history. After providing a summary of Cantonalismo, I consider in the first section the interpretations that have shaken previous scholarship -- whether the revolutionary movement was an incipient socialist revolution, or whether it was federalist, or separatist, and confirm that none of these interpretations is completely applicable. I then point out that the theory of earlier scholars that Francisco Pi y Margall was the source of Cantonalismo thought involves a contradiction. Establishing that the focus of the dispute between the cantonalists and executive body of the Federal Republican Party was a part of the process of building a federal state, I point out the necessity of exploring the grounds for a federalist movement "from the ground up" as advocated by the cantonalists. In the second section I analyze articles from the cantonatist house organ, El Canton Murciano, and the history Historia de las Germanias de Valencia y breve resena del levantamiento republicano de 1869 as part of this exploration. As a result, I observe that the cantonalists took the early 16th century revolt of the Germanias as the forebears of the federalists and saw that revolt as an attempt to form a federal state that resided the historical memory of the entire Spanish people. I then made clear that it was the aim of Cantonalismo to complete the revolt of the Germanias. In the third section I take up the federalist thought of Francisco Pi y Margall and Emilio Castelar of the executive body of the Federal Republican Party and find that their ideas were supported by a historical consciousness just as were the cantonalists. However, their historical consciousness varied greatly from that of the cantonalists. On these grounds I rejected the theory that the roots of Cantonalismo are to be found in the though of Pi y Margall. The differences in their thinking can be located in the streams of nineteenth-century historiography. I point out that the thinking of both the executive body of the Federal Republican Party and the cantonalists were related in one fashion or another to the results of historical research of the time. I then conclude that the historical use of the 16th century revolt is linked to various interpretations of Cantonalismo as a result of the special characteristics that they found in the 16th century revolt.