<論説>秦漢時代の戸籍と個別人身支配 : 本籍地に関する考察

Abstract

戸籍制度には、個別人身支配の手段として、人間を土地に繋げて把握するという特徴が看取できる。本稿は新出簡牘を利用して本籍地について考察を行い、秦漢時代の支配形態の一端を論述した。まず、本籍地が身元表記とされていた理由は、本籍地に保存される記録に繋がるためだと考えられる。つまり、統治のために必要な個人情報を本籍地に集中する仕組みがあり、その人の本籍地さえ解れば、文書一通でかれの履歴を獲得することができたからである。さらに、伝の申請手続きに示されるように、個人情報を保管するのは主として本籍のある郷であったが、県もそれを検校することができた。一方里は文書と無関係にあり、別の手段で民を把握していた。最後に、刑徒の身元表記から考察した結果、刑徒には本籍地がなかったことが解った。戸籍は里に居住する人々を対象に編成されたものであり、刑徒は里から追い出されたため、戸籍からも消し去る必要があったからである。

It is said that the establishment of the household registration system in China provided the opportunity for the state to complete its control over Individual. It was during the Qin-Han period that household registration system first attained maturity, and thus it is the most appropriate period for considering the original form of the system. This article employs newly discovered wooden record slips to explicate the control of individuals during the Qin-Han period chiefly using the concept of legal domicile found in the household registration system. First, I focus on the fact that the legal domicile constituted one's official identity. It can be surmised that this is linked to records preserved at the legal domicile. Individual information necessary to rule the populace was concentrated at the legal domicile, and if any government office knew a person's legal domicile, it would be possible to obtain the person's personal history by a single letter to the legal domicile, On the other hand, in order for an individual's entire record to be assembled in the legal domicile, special measures were implemented. For example, the results of a trial would have to be reported to the legal domicile of the person involved. In this way, wherever a person were to move, the events in his or her past could not be concealed, and they were completely in the grasp of the state. Next, I analyze the internal passport (伝) and clarify the role of the prefecture, district, and village. The district would investigate whether a passport applicant should be detained for questioning, whether he or she was a fugitive, or whether his or her taxes had been paid. The reason that the district was able to carry out the investigation was that the district compiled and managed various types of registers. However, the prefecture could look over registers in the prefecture and check the work of the district when necessary. On the other hand, the villages did not keep registers and used different measures to grasp the circumstances of people. Finally, I turn my attention to convicts who were banished from their legal domicile. The convict's official identity was associated with the place of conviction, not the legal domicile, which indicates that a convict did not have a household registration. The objects of the compilation of household registrations were people residing in the villages, and because convicts were banished from the village, they also had to be erased from the household record. It can be surmised that the place of conviction instead became the location where an individual's records were kept. In short, the control of individuals during the period of the Qin-Han empire relied in great measure on registers and the communication system. Because various kinds of registers were compiled relentlessly, and a system of efficient communication was constructed, the control of individuals could be carried out across the far-flung empire.