<論説>欧州政治共同体条約をめぐるトランスアトランティック・ネットワーク : 統一ヨーロッパ・アメリカ委員会とヨーロッパ運動

Abstract

本稿は「最初のヨーロッパ憲法」と呼ばれる欧州政治共同体条約の非公式な草案プロセスを明らかにすることで、第二次世界大戦後から一九五〇年代中頃までの欧州統合の成立期をトランスナショナルな視点から捉えることを目的とする。考察対象となるのは、西欧を中心に活動を展開した統合推進団体「ヨーロッパ運動」とアメリカ政府関連組織「統一ヨーロッパ・アメリカ委員会」という二つの組織の間のトランスアトランティック・ネットワークである。このネットワークは、条約の草案起草プロセスに非公式に関与することを目的に「ヨーロッパ憲法研究委員会」を設立する。アメリカが提供した学術的な援助のもと、研究委員会では西ヨーロッパとアメリカの法律専門家により連邦主義的な統合構想にもとづいた独自の条約案が採択された。この条約案は実際の条約草案起草を担った組織において基礎資料として活用され、非公式な影響を与えることになった。

The aim of this article is to consider the formative period of European integration from the close of the Second World War to the mid-195es through a clarification of the non-official process of the drafting of the European Political Community Treaty (EPC Treaty) from a transnational perspective. Previous studies of the history of European integration have been criticized for strongly defining it in terms of national histories centered on an analysis of each nation's government and ignoring the involvement in the policy of integration by non-state actors. In contrast, recent scholarship has tended to emphasize the important role played in decision-making on the policy of integration by informal transnational networks rather than official state actors. Particularly in legal studies, research, on the various treaties during the initial stage of European integration has been conducted with the rising concern with the origins of transnational European law as the backdrop. As a result, the EPC Treaty, which had not been sufficiently studied historically, has once again gained attention as Europe's first constitution. Then, although it has been pointed out that a network of professionals made up of lawyers and legal scholars from Europe and America, who had expert knowledge of the law, had been involved in drafting the EPC Treaty, there has not been sufficient substantive study of the actual situation, This article builds on this trend in the research and analyzes the informal role played by this transatlantic network in the process of drafting the EPC Treaty. The object of consideration is the transatlantic network linking two organizations: the European Movement, an organization active in promoting integration, chiefly in Western Europe, and the American Committee on United Europe (ACUE), which was associated with the U.S. government. This network established the Comite d'Etudes pour la Constitution Europeenne (CECE) in 1952 with the goal of unofficial participation in the process of drafting the EPC Treaty under the initiative of P.-H. Spaak, a leader of the European Movement. The ACUE working with the goal of increasing American security and conscious of the indispensability of implementing supranational integration as a bulwark against Communism struggled to come up with a method to participate in the policy of European integration. The method it employed to meet those ends was to provide financial aid to the European Movement, which was in dire financial straights. ACUE, by commissioning a group of scholars from Harvard University to study a European constitution, supported the activities of CECE, and attempted to become indirectly involved in the drafting of the EPC treaty. This scholarly assistance from the U.S. influenced the deliberations of the CECE. From the beginning, many of the members of the European Movement who attended the CECE were of the opinion that the authority delegated to the EPC should be held to a minimum in order to preserve national sovereignty. However, as the report of the study group was used as a basis for the deliberations, the conception of federalist integration gradually came to be shared within the CECE. In other words, the draft ultimately chosen at the CECE was the draft that had come out of the work of the European Movement and the group of Harvard scholars. This draft was employed as the basic source in the Ad Hoc Assembly and the Constitutional Committee established within the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community to actually draft the EPC Treaty. Given the above, it can be surmised that the transatlantic network established in the CECE had a certain degree of influence on the drafting of the EPC Treaty. Through the analysis of CECE transatlantic network addressed in this article, I have made clear an aspect of American involvement in unofficial policy on European integration.