<論説>崇徳元年(一六三六)の外藩蒙古会盟と丙子胡乱

Abstract

本稿では、マンジュ・モンゴル軍事同盟の展開という側面から、崇徳元年(一六三六)の外藩蒙古会盟を、特に会盟の結果報告にみられる甲数に焦点を当てて論ずる。天命年間の後金は、ハルハ・ホルチンと盟約を結んだが、いずれも軍事協力の内実を確保するには至らなかった。天聡年間の場合は、モンゴルの諸集団からの兵力動員に成功し、天聡三年(一六二九)には動員基準も制定した。但し、天聡三年の規定では十分な兵力の動員を保証できなかった。さらに、チャハルの崩壊とダイチン=グルンの成立は、天聡三年の規定の改正を余儀なくさせた。そのなかで、清は崇徳元年に外藩蒙古会盟を開いて、新たな甲数を規定した。この甲数は、天聡三年の規定に代わる常時的な動員基準ではなく、当面した朝鮮侵攻、即ち丙子胡乱のために「割り当てた」兵力であった。しかし、崇徳元年の会盟で決められた甲数は、その後の対明戦争で外藩蒙古に兵力を要求する時、重要な先例として援用された可能性がある。

In the tenth lunar month of the first year of the Chongde 崇徳 reign (1636-1643), or November 1636 according to the Gregorian calendar, Qing Taizong 清太宗 (Hong Taiji) sent his ministers to preside over assemblies of Mongol nobles at two different venues. This paper will inquire into the pacts concluded at the 1636 Mongol assemblies from the perspective of the Manchu-Mongol military alliance, focusing especially on the numbers of troops ("uksin i ton" in Manchu) shown in the reports of the Manchu ministers. In the early seventeenth century, the Manchu rulers needed to augment their military strength in order to wage wars against their main opponents, the Ming dynasty and the Caqar (Chakhar) Mongols. For that purpose, they attempted to win over the Mongol groups in neighboring regions to their side. Nurhaci, the first ruler of the Manchus, had managed to make pledges of alliance, first with the Five Qalqa (Khalkha) nobles and then with the Qorcin (Khorchin) nobles during the Tianming 天命 reign (1616-1626); these pacts did not, however, lead to substantial military cooperation. During the Tiancong 天聡 reign (1627-1636), Hong Taiji successfully mobilized the Mongol cavalry forces from the nomadic nobles under the Manchu-Mongol alliance for military expeditions against the Caqar Mongols and the Ming dynasty. Hong Taiji's mobilization of the Mongol troops during this period was based upon a pact forming a military alliance concluded in 1629. The 1629 pact, however, turned out to be ineffective as it failed to force the Mongol nobles to provide as many troops as Hong Taiji had hoped for. Moreover, the final collapse of Caqar in 1635 and the proclamation of Daicing Gurun, or the Qing empire, in May 1636 necessitated the revision of the general outlines stipulated in the 1629 pact. It was against this background that Hong Taiji convened the assemblies in November 1636. On the sixth day of the eleventh lunar month of 1636 (December 2), Hong Taiji's ministers returned from the assemblies and reported on the pacts concluded at the assemblies, according to which the numbers of the troops, which were listed according to each nomadic group, amounted to 12, 095 in total. While these numbers have generally been considered the size of troops maintained by each nomadic group, a new analysis in this paper reveals that they were newly allocated numbers of troops to be drafted from the Mongol groups that had joined the pacts, and that this allocation was specifically for the impending Qing invasion of Chosŏn Korea, probably without any regular or permanent purposes. Nevertheless, these numbers of troops seem to have been invoked as an important precedent when the Manchus mobilized the Mongol troops for military operations against Ming China.