失語症における主体的言語の残存とその運用

Abstract

失語症では、意図性と自動性の乖離、すなわち意図的に何かを言おうとすると言えないが、感嘆詞のような自動的に表出される言語は保たれやすいという現象が見られる。本稿では、この現象について認知文法の主体性の観点から分析を行い、失語症では主体的な言語ほど障害されにくいということを主張する。また、本来なら意図性の発話が求められるような客観的な事態について描写する場合でも、それを主体的に捉え直すことで、失語症者の発話が誘発されやすくなり、情報伝達能力を向上させることができる可能性について提案する。

This paper examines a striking feature in aphasia, i.e. the dissociation between voluntary speech and spontaneous speech, from the perspective of subjectivity in Cognitive Grammar. Most people with aphasia, regardless of the aphasia type, cannot utter certain words when they try to; however, they can express the same words spontaneously under some emotional conditions. For example, they can say the word "raining" in a situation where they have just find that it is raining outside, but they cannot say it when they are asked to say under a naming task. This paper proposes that spontaneous speech is highly subjective, the subject of speech construing an event from an internal perspective as an experiencer of the event. It is hardly subjective if the speaker construes an event from an external perspective even when they actually experience the event. Subjectively construing an event can lead aphasia patients to express spontaneous speech. Finally, this paper suggests that using direct speech is an effective way for aphasia patients to describe and communicate an event subjectively by making use of their residual functions, even though they are not experiencing the event at the time of the speech.