「学」の成立についての一考察―『純粋理性批判』を手引きにして―

Abstract

The essential problem of "Critique of Pure Reason" was formulated as "How are synthetic judgements a priori possible?" This means "How are sciences in general possible?" So essentially it must concern all the possible sciences, not only established ones but also other ones that would occur in the future. But Kant constructed his "Critique" on the basis of arithmetic, Euclidian geometry and Newtonian dynamics. From the present point of view, these three sciences are only parts of possible sciences. Thus "Critique" has two points of view or two aspects whose applicabilities are different : one can be applied to sciences in general, the other only these three sciences. But Kant regarded his "Critique" as constructed from a consistent point of view. The result is that "Critique" contains some critical moments in itself. Our purpose in this paper is to separate two standpoints of "Critique" and to generalize it so as to be applicable to all the sciences. Two standpoints of "Critique" appear especially as two aspects of "time" . The time of "The transcendental aesthetics" is one of the indispensable conditions of the existence of sciences in general. But it's the time which exists only as a whole, and lacks the "succession" which is characteristic of time-phenomena. On the other hand the time of "The transcendental analytics" is, so to speak, "the time of Newtonian dynamics" . It's the time which has the succession of phenomena, but does not exist as a whole. Why can we call these two different ones by the same name "time" ? We clarify two aspects of "Critique" through two aspects of time which I will reconstruct as the "fundamental time" and the "empirical time" .