<論説>清代の「里程配流」 --五軍道里表の改訂をめぐって--

Abstract

流刑・充軍・発遣を主とする清代の配流刑は、死刑より一等下位の重刑として機能していた。そのうち流刑と充軍に処された配流犯の配所を定めるツールである道里表は、配流距離に応じて罪人を流す清代特有の「里程配流」の構想を具現するものとして注目に値する。本稿では、充軍の配所を指定する五軍道里表の構造を分析し、道里表が同一犯罪に対する同一処罰を課すだけではなく、内地全域を配所にして配流する罪人を分散する機能も有していることを明らかにした。そして、道里表が実際に適用された様相を巴県檔案により確認したあと、今まで看過されてきた道里表の改訂について各版本別に分析を試みた。それを通じて、乾隆三十二年と四十四年の改訂に大幅な修正が見られることを確認した。前者では配流距離をより綿密に反映することが、後者では多数の配所候補地を確保することがそれぞれ主眼となっていたのである。このような道里表の改訂は、里程配流という法精神と地方の事情という現実問題の調整の過程を示している。

This study aims at clarifying the characteristics of distance-based exile in Qing times through an examination of the charts for exile (道里表 daolibiao) and argues that the charts for exile not only functioned as tools to determine that criminals who had committed the same crime be given the same punishment and sent to a place of exile of the same distance, but also to disperse criminals throughout the country. Exile punishments of the Qing dynasty, which chiefly consisted of basic exile (流刑 liuxing), military exile (充軍 chongjun), and deportation (發遣 faqian), were the harshest punishments, second only to the death penalty. Among them, basic exile and military exile were punishments that sent criminals to locations inside China proper, and the places of exile were designated by the distance of exile from their official households. Ihave named this exile system ʻdistance-based exile.ʼ Distance-based exile had been instituted before the 6th century, but actual exile did not correspond to the prescribed distance. However, in the Qing era, distance-based exile was used as real criteria for designating the place of exile, so it serves as one of the characteristics of exile in the Qing era. The Qing government made a Chart for the Five Military Exiles 五軍道里表 and a Chart for the Three Exiles 三流道里表 for distance-based exile and the dispersion of criminals. It can be confirmed from the case of the Ba county archive 巴県档案 that the charts for exile were actually employed. In the latter part of this study, through statistical analysis of five versions of the Chart for the Five Military Exiles, Iclarify not only that there were small revisions to it according to changes of the administrative districts, but also two large-scale revisions. A revision in 1767 aimed to make the actual exile distance consistent with the regulations. However, as a result of the revision, the number of places of exile in a geographic unit decreased, so the criminals tended to concentrate in certain places. So, another large-scale revision in 1779 aimed to disperse criminals by increasing the number of the places of exile in a specific jurisdiction, and this secured more than twice as many locations than in the previous version. The establishment and revisions of the chart of exiles aimed to realize exact exile distances based on legal fairness, and reflected a consideration of the reality faced by local governments that had to manage criminals in places of exile. We can see here the characteristics of the penal system in the Qing era: the fact that criminals were sent not to distant frontier areas, but dispersed within China proper according to the system of distancebased exile and the actual problems derived from it.