<論説>奈良時代における浮浪について

Abstract

日本古代の律令制においては、本籍の地を離れて他國にある者を浮浪又は逃亡と稱した。この兩者の差は、政府に課役を納めるか否かにあつたと思われる。浮浪逃亡の出る原因が當時の農民の生活の逼追にあることは言うまでもないが、浮浪逃亡の中には移住によつて生活の窮乏を打開しようとして、計畫的積極的に他郷に出たものも少なからず含まれていた。原因は何れにせよ、結果から言えば、彼等が結局どこかの地に定着して再び農耕の生活に入つたことは疑えない。定着、それは即ち一種の移住であるが、地方の莊園領主或は管理者又は地主・富濃の庇護の下にはいることによつて可能となつたと考えられる。その場合、保護者と浮浪逃亡との間に結ばれた生產關係はどのようなものであつたか。それは浮浪逃亡がある程度の獨立性を維持することのできた小作關係を主とするものであつたであろう。

In ancient Japan those who lived in other places than their own places of register were called "deserters" or "loafers." The difference between the ordinary people and these "loafers" seems to have been that the latter did not pay taxes or were not subject to corvées. Though it is undeniable that difficulties of living caused peasants to run away from their native places, some of them were undoubtedly those who had wanted to improve their living by imigrating to better places. They must have settled dawn, however, somewhere and begun to cultivate new soil. Their settlement and living were made possible only by coming under the protection of manor holders. And relationship between the protector, i.e., manor holder, and the protected, i.e., "loafer, " seems to have been a kind of tenancy where the protected was entitled to a certain degree of independence.