<論説>三－七世紀における中国の都市

Abstract

秦漢帝国の瓦解から隋唐の中間的統一に至るまでの中国の都市の有様について目につくことは、(1)長安・洛陽の如き旧都は何度もの破壊にも拘らず、新しい支配者 (多くは遊牧民族) により修復され、漠代には地方都市にすぎず、政権の分立と共にこの時代に発達した鄴、建康の如き新興都市と共に、同時期の欧洲にみられぬ巨大政治都市の外観をほこっていた。(2)この時代の国家には政治上の首都と共に軍事的副都とがあり、両都を結ぶ交通幹線がその国の政治経済の動脈であった。この二都組織は当時の国家構造、即ち名族政権とこれに対立せんとする軍閥政権の争いを反映したと思われる。(3)戦乱特に遊牧諸民族の混入により、都市の擬能や都市民生活にいくたの動揺があり新しい事態も生じた。本稿にこれらの全面にわたって述べるを得ないが、次の如き二題を主題として全体を察するよすがとするに留める。

The object of this essay is to describe the general traits which characterized the Chinese cities from the fall of the Ch'in-Han Empire down to the unification of the country in the Sui-Tang period. First, in spite of the several attacks by the northern nomadic races, such old, great cities as Chang-an (長安) and Lo-yang (洛陽) still witnessed their prosperity even under the alien sway. Indeed, their thriving pararelled with that of those cities like Yeh (鄴) and Chien-k'ang (建康) which were mere local towns in the Han period and dashed into reviving with the advent of troubling ages. Second, each state of those days had two principal cities, one of which was the capital and the other the military center. The transportation facilities were opened between the two cities and stimulated the economic and political organization of the state. This system of the two capitals seems to be a result of the antagonism between the seigneurs and the military government of the day. Lastly, with the coming of the nomadic races and many civil wars accompanied with it, the city government and the city life were faced with great changes. Some of the aspects will be illustrated.