<論説>南朝鮮土着文化の考古学的考察 (特集 : 共同体の諸問題)

Abstract

初期金属文化波及によって影響を受けた朝鮮土着の文化は、引き続き漢の直接の支配が及ばなかった南鮮において独特の発達を見たのは当然である。その文化を代表する考古学的資料として先ず銅剣を祖形とする磨製石剣とそれを出す埋葬址とを採り上げる。石剣の形式と分布から、朝鮮に特に多く行われた細形銅剣がその源である事を推定し、石剣を出す埋葬址の形式と伴出物を挙げてその文化の性質を考える。一方、新羅の本拠慶州と洛東江流域に分布する長方形墓室の高塚の主体部構造が石剣を出す埋葬址の下部構造と関係が深いことを述べ相互の系統を肯定する。即ち同じ土着民の埋葬址の発達とみなす。然し副葬品は連絡しない事実を指摘し、そのギャップを埋めるものとして金海貝塚以下の初期鉄期時代遺蹟を考える。かくて朝鮮に固有の高塚墳成立の基盤となった土着文化の性質を明らかにしようと試みた。

From the Yellow River Basin and Northern Asia the first metal culture, which were represented by the weapons, harness and chariot fittings, spread over Korea, and then the colonization by Han started in 108 B. C. The Han colonisis can be recognized from a large number of burial mounds, in which the characteristic Chinese relics of highly developed Iron Age culture have been found. In Southern Horea, beyond the boundery of Lo-lang, very few concrete evidences of the Lo-lang culture were found, while over 150 finds of polisyed stone daggers, which were undoubtedly imitated by the contemporary native people the bronze daggers of the first invaded metal culture prior to the development of the Han colony, were reported. Some of these stone daggers were found in the prehistoric graves, among them the socalled "dolmens" are most significant. The beneath constructions of the dolmens as well as the common prehistoric graves, in which the stone daggers were found, are classified into stone cists, rectangular chambers and some of them are covered with a heap of stones. Such constructions are functionally similar to those of the burial chambers covered with mounds which were common in Southern Korea during the Time of Three Kingdoms (4-7 century A. D.); the latter having an elongated, paralleled-sided chaber or gallery with no functional distinction of a passage, usually for a single inhumation and some are covered with a heap of stones under a mound. Although the funerary goods found in the latter belong to the highly developed Iron Age and contrast with those of the former which suggest the neolithic self-sufflcient economy, earthenwares are reminiscent the pot-sherds taken from refuse deposits of the Early Iron Age which are scattered in the basin of the Naktong River and Kyongju vicinity. Influenced by the Chinese civilization the native people of Southern Korea achieved the elaborate Iron Age, but they maintained their own manner of the inhumation inherited from their stone-age ancestors, as shown in the constructions of their burial chambers.