<論説>勧農政策と占田課田

Abstract

これまでに西晋の占田課田制度に関する研究は数多く発表されているが、そのほとんどが占課田と屯田または均田との関係のみを取扱つており、前代＝漢代との関係を顧慮したものは、岡崎文夫氏以外には見当らないといつても過言ではない。占課田制を真に歴史的に把握するためには、その前後の時代との関連を綜合的にみてゆかねばならず、この観点から本稿では、占課田制を漢代以来の勧農政策の発展線上に展開する制度としてとらえた。

It has been an established theory that the Chu-t'ien (均田制度) system, one of the typical land systems in the Chinese history, began with the Liang-Shui system of Chan-t'ien and K'o-t'ien (占田・課田) enforced by the west-Ts'in dynasty in the latter half of the third century and came to an end by the enforcement of Liang-Shui (両税法) law in the latter half of the eighth century; this theory should be reasonable from the viewpoint of the constitutional history. Tracing these land systems to their source, however, the policy for the encouragement of agriculture, the land policy of the Han dynasty in the first century B. C., proved to be their very origin. This policy became more important in the latter Han dynasty when the "powerful clans, " an important factor for the collapse of the Han empire, began to be dominant, and was established as the fundamental land system (K'o-t'ien--Chun-t'ien (課田--均田制)) of government after the third century when the foundation of the powerful clans was established. Judging from such transition, agricultural encouragement policy to Chun-t'ien (均田制度) system was enforced in order to directly rule the people by the absolute monarchy, in which the relation of binding with land through the medium of land grew more and more intensified.