<論説>西夏時代における河西を避ける交通路

Abstract

いわゆる西夏時代になると、従来の西域方面から河西通廊を通つて中原に来る東西交通路が断絶してしまつたので、河西の北側と南側とに河西通廊に並行して東西に交通する路が現われた。このことは既に定説となつているが、細部に亘つて西域方面から来る諸国の経過する地点に関して研究されていない。特に元豊四年冬十月彿菻國朝貢の史料解読については桑田六郎博士と榎一雄教授の意見が全然異つている。 両氏の論点は「種榲」に焦点を見出すが、この「種榲」の位置こそ当時の東西交通路の研究に重要なテーマとなる。本論文の中心は「種榲」の位置を今の哈密と考察したことである。そして元豊六年五月の干闐朝貢史料とともに厳密な史料批判をしてみると、エジナ河筋を南下する河西縦断路や、鞬靼方面からオルドス沙漠南縁に沿うて青唐城に至る路、沙州の西を迂回して青唐城に至る路などがあり、西夏を避けてその四周をめぐる国際交通路が存していたことをも見逃し得ない。元豊六年五月の干闐朝貢史料の解釈については定説とは反対に私は河西縦断路の交通史料だと考えた。 この論文は桑田・榎両氏の説の批判を行いつつ私見を述べ、定説の誤謬を糾したものである。

In the so-called Hsi-hsia (西夏) era, there appeared the routes from west to east through the north or south side of Ho-hsi (河西) parallel to the Ho-hsi passage, because of interception of the old traffic route from the central Asia to Chung-yüan (中原) through the Ho-hsi passage; which is establishd as a theory, though its detail still remained unknown. Especially on the interpretation of the historical material about the tribute-bringing by the Fu-lin empire (拂菻国) in October of the 4th year of Yüan-fêng (元豐), there is an absolute difference in views between Dr. Rokuro Kuwata and Prof. Kazuo Enoki. The very point of their views is found in "Chung-wên" (種榲), and its location is an important theme for studying the then traffic routes from west to east. The main purpose of this article is to consider the location of "Chung-wên" (種榲) which should be Yin-mi (吟密) of the presnt day. Under the close investigation of the historical material about the tributebringing by Yü-tien (于闐) in May of the 6th year of Yüan-fêng (元豐) also, there are found the route cutting vertically Ho-hsi southwards along the Etzina River, the route from Tatar (韃靼) area along the southern edge of the Ordos desert to Ch'ing-t'ang-ch'êng (青唐城), or the route round the west of Sha-chou (沙州) to Ch'ing-t'ang-ch'êng (青唐城); this means the existence of international traffic routes passing the surroundings of Hsi-hsia (西夏), contrary to the established theory.