<論説>蜀漢政権の構造

Abstract

劉備が蜀漢国を建てるにさいして、先ず解決を迫られた問題は、いかにして土着豪族達の協力を得るかということであつた。彼はそのために起兵当初より従つていたものも、新附のものも、皆その才能に応じて擢用した。 所で蜀漢国では、諸葛亮以来、政治の枢要を握るものは、「録尚書事」「領益州刺史」となり、「開府」を許されるのが例であつた。また蜀漢国では後漢の制を承けて尚書系統の官が重んぜられていた。さて実際に丞相或は大司馬・大将軍となつて「録尚書事・領益州刺史」を加えられ、或は尚書系統の官に任ぜられたものを考察すると、殆んどが、荊州出身者で占められている。これに対し、土着人士は地方の属官に任ぜられるものが多く、その姓を調べると、華陽国志に大姓としてあげられているものとよく一致する。このことは土着人士が中央政府において占めた地位の不遇さを物語ると共に、他方彼らが後漢以来築いて来た地方豪族としての勢力を維持しつづけていることをも示すように思う。

Officials from I-chou (益州) could hardly be found in the higher officialdom in Shu-han (蜀漢) but those from Chi-chou (荊州) played a most active part in it. Most of officials, concerned with Shang-shu (尚書) as a core of Shu-han (蜀漢)'s political system, and especially the highest official, appointed to Ch'eng-sian (丞相), Ta-se-ma (大司馬) or Ta-chiang-chun (大将軍) with Lu-shang-shu-shih (録尚書事) and Ling-i-chou-tz'u-shih (領益州刺史) were not natives; contrarily, most of natives from I-chou (益州) were appointed to subordinate coun-try-officicals whose surname just coincided with the list of great surname in Hua-yang-kuo-chih (華陽国志) compiled in the Chin (晋) dynasty. Generally, not neccesarily in the Szechwan (四川) district, nobles powerful clans in the Period of the South and North were in their growing period roughly after the Later Han (後漢) dynasty. One of the main reasons why they became to be powerful clans was to be in close contact with politics as subordinate country-officials. For these facts, however low their position in the state government might be native from I-chou (益州) under the Shu-han (蜀漢) administration are thought to have still been able to keep or develop their influence as powerful clans which they tried to put up since the Later Han (後漢) dynasty.