<研究ノート>封建社会における領主と村落 : 中世都市研究の反省

Abstract

これまでの中世都市研究は、多くの場合、中世史の他の分野の研究とあまり関連をもたずに、孤立的にすすめられる傾向があつた。本稿は、かかる欠点を克服するための一試論として、ヨーロッパ中世都市成立の前提となった、いわゆる「商人定住」なる現象が、どのような領主・村落関係の変動にもとずくかを問題にしたものである。われわれの一応のみとおしは、第一に、「商人定住」現象は、多かれ少かれ、農村における「集村化」現象の一環であり、その進展は本来の中世村落の成立する過程でもあつたこと、第二に、「商人定住」および「集村化」を惹き起こす、かかる農民の広汎な移動が可能になつたのは、当時、それ以前の分散的な荘園支配に重層して、あらたな一円的領域支配圏の確立を目ざす、真の封建領主たるバン領主のいちじるしい擡頭があつたこと、の二点に要約される。こうした二つの変革の基礎に、「中世農業革命」とでも称すべき、生産力の飛躍的発展があつたのはもちろんのことである。

Many monographs of cities in the Middle Ages heretofore have had a solitary inclination in weak relations with other researching aspects in the history of the Middle Ages. As a trial to overcome this weakness, this article tries to explain the question in what relation the phenomena of the so-called 'Merchants' settlement', as a premise of the formation of European cities in the Middle Ages, were with the change of relation between lords and villages. Our temporarily outline is as follows : 1) the phenomena of 'merchants' settlment' were more or less a link of the phenomena of 'collecting of villages' in the country, and its progress also was the forming process of real villages in the Middle Ages. 2) the fact that such a wide migration of peasants as led to 'merchants' settlement' and 'collecting of villages' was made possible was then due to the rapid rise of Ban-lords, or real feudal lords trying to establish a new single ruling sphere of territory, doubled over the former dispersed control of manors. Certainly 'agrarian revolution in the Middle Ages', what we may call, to develop the agricultural power of production was the basis of these two changes.