<研究ノート>三司使の成立について : 唐宋の変革と使職

Abstract

唐中期いごに現れた令外の官たる節度使・転運使・度支使・枢密使等の使職は、社会的な変動に対応するためと、君主権の強化を意図して設置されたものである。本来、宦官に由来するこれら使職は、ほぼ当初の意図どおり、中世貴族制を崩壊させて宋いごの新しい社会を作りだす上に大きな役割を果した。勿論、使職は過渡的なものであつて、これに伴なつて復活した「辟召」制が宋いご再び見られなくなる点は注意すべきであろう。本稿では、これら使職の内とくに、五代・北宋における大蔵大臣ともいうべき三司使成立の過程を追求した。国家財政の膨脹に伴ない戸部内の度支曹の重要性がましたが、安史の乱が起ると、戦費をまかなうため第五碕が山南等五道度支使に任じられ、苦しまぎれに始めた東南地方の海塩の専売が成功を収めるや、塩鉄使に任じられて塩の専売を全国的に施行した。いご度支使と塩鉄転運使は地域的に東西に分れて天下の財利を分掌したが、黄巣の乱ごろから三司を統合する動きがみえはじめ、五代の後唐のときに三司使が成立した。

Shih-chih 使職, Chieh-tu-shih 節度使, Tu-chih-shih 度支使, and Shu-mi-shih 樞密使, the officials without constitution after the middle of T'ang 唐, were established in order to meet the social change and to strengthen the monarchy. These Shih-chih 使職, originated from huan-kuan 宦官, played an important role in dissolving the Medieval aristocracy and creating a new society after Sung 宋. Certainly, Shih-chih were transitional, and it is remarkable that Pi-chao 辟召 system revived with this disappeared again after Sung. This article treats, of these Shih-chih, the forming process of San-ssŭ-shih 三司使, worthy of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Wu-tai 五代 and northern Sung. As the national finance grew expanding, the importance of Tu-chih 度支 subdepartment in Hu-pu 戸部 was increasing. When the An-shih 安史 rebellion occurred, Ti-wu-ch'i 第五琦 was appointed for the first time to a Tu-chih-shih for Shan-nan-têng-wu-tao 山南等五道, raising money for war expense. Promoting a successful monopoly of sea salt in the southeastern countries as a desperate measure, he was appointed to Yen-t'ieh-shih 塩鉄使 to execute the monopoly of salt all over the country. Hereafter, Tu-chih-shih and Yen-t'ieh-shih went halves in the nationwide finance divided in east and west, and then after Wu-tai San-ssŭ-shih 三司史 was established in T'ang.