<研究ノート>中世手工業の二・三の問題 : 特に建築生産を中心に

Abstract

中世建築工の主流は律令制建築生産機構の変質、すなわち木工寮・修理職→荘園領主の私工房 「所」 →座という過程の中に生まれ、中世を通じて寮・職は技術統轄機関として存続する。中世建築工の発生は作料・請負制の成立に特徴づけられるが、建築生産が本来注文生産たるにより得分の下賜的性格は払拭されない。また鎌倉期に成立した請負制は建築工の主体性を強化する画期的な給与形態というべきであるが、なお領主の規制は大きい。建築工の座について従来の論争を検討し、大工・権大工が座田の管理権を保有している点から、建築工座の階層性の存在を明らかにした。座の解体は新座の成立と座内部階層の混乱に具体化され、それは建築技術の面で木割術の崩壊として現われ、中央と地方の技術の均等化を促進する。

The main current of architects in the middle ages grew in the change of the architectural system of production in the Ritsuryô 律令 system, that is, in the process of 'Mokuryô 木工寮 Shurishiki 修理職, →'Sho 所 or private work of manorial lords' → 'Za 座' Throughout the Middle Ages Ryô (Mokuryô) and Shiki (Shurishiki) remained as a controlling organization of technology. Birth of the medieval architects was marked by the formation of Sakuryô 作料 and Ukeoi 請負 system, but the granting character of gain was not extinguished, as the architectural production was naturally of making to order. Ukeoi system, formed in the Kamakura 鎌倉 period, was an epoch-making wage system to strengthen the independence of architects in spite of the heavy regulation by lords. Considering the former discussion on Za of architects, we marked the existence of rank in the architects' Za judging from the point that Daiku 大工 or Gon-daiku 権大工 held the controlling right of Zaden 座田. Dissolution of Za was made concrete by the formation of new Za and confusion of rank within Za and it appeared as the dissolution of Kiwarijutsu 木割術, old system of architecture, in the aspect architecture and promoted to equalize arts in central and local areas.