<論説>龍谷大学所蔵の西域文書と唐代の均田制

Abstract

一九六二年七月五日、龍大の講演のテキスト。龍大所蔵の西域文書の重要性について述べ、併せて西域文化研究会の研究と出版の業績の偉大さに言及した。西域は中国文化と中央アジア文化の交流混合の所 (例、銅銭と銀銭の併用、居民の胡風姓名) である。均田制が敦煌より遠く吐魯番にも施行された事は、中国政教が遠く及んだことを物語る。均の概念については、古くから制度史上の用例が多くある。この事は中国文化が久しい連続性あることを示す一例である。周藤吉之・西嶋定生・西村元佑三氏の均田制に関する論文はなかなかの力作であるが、しかし、疑間の点もある。例えば、西村氏は一請求の拒否の判語を認可として誤解し、西嶋氏は 「通」 (報告) の漢字を逋として誤釈し、周藤氏は佃人奴集聚の奴は奴隷の奴であると誤解 (奴は姓) しているごときこれである。

This is the text of a lecture delivered at Ryukoku University on July 6, 1962. In the lecture, attention is called to the great importance of these documents and gratitude is expressed to the group of Japanese scholars who have been working industriously to arrange, study, and publish them. The documents indicate clearly that the Equal Field (Chün T'ien 均田) system was carried out to a certain extent even in the remote frontier area of Turfan when it was under T'ang jurisdiction. The Western Regions had a mixed culture, a fact that can be illustrated by the circulation of Chinese copper coins and foreign silver coins side by side and by frequent occurance of Central Asiatic names among its residents. Remarks are also made on the ancient conceptioon of chün 均 or "equalization" and its influence on various institutions in Chinese history. It is a good example showing the continuous nature of Chinese culture and civilization. Finally, a few corrections are suggested for the extensive studies made by Sudō, Nishijima and Nishimura. A fragmentary document considered by Nishijima as a petition approved by the district authorities perhaps should be interpreted as a petition rejected by the magistrate. A character t'ung 通 (meaning "a report, to report") was misread by Nishijima as p'u 逋 ("to own in arrears"). Sudō's theory that the words tien-jen Nu Chi-chu 佃人奴集聚 meant "tenant, slave (named) Chi-chu" is probably mistaken. It seems to mean "cultivator, Nu Chi-chu, " with Nu as the person's surname. The person was probably a freeman and not a slave.