<論説>パミールをめぐる交通路

Abstract

パミール地域を通る陸上交通路は、中国・西方・印度の三文化地域を結ぶ幹線逍路として、張騫・法顕・玄弉・マルコ＝ポーロ・ベネディクト＝ゴエスなどが通過し、古くから世界史上極めて大きな意味を有していた。 同地域の交通路のうち、次の五路が特に重要であつたと考えられる。すなわち (1) テレック越え (塔里木盆地西端の喀什噶爾から西行し、テレック峠を越して、フェルガナのオッシュに逹する。) (2) タウンムラン越え (喀什噶爾から西行し、クウンムラン峠を越して、アライ溪谷を経て、スターリナバードに逹する。) (3) ワフジル越え (葉爾羌から西南行し、ワフジル峠を越し、ワハン溪谷にはいる。) (4) ミンタカ越え (葉爾羌から西南行し、ミンタカ峠を越し、ギルギットに逹する。) (5) カラコルム越え (葉爾羌から南行し、崑崙・カラコルムの両山脈を横断し、ラダックのレーに達する。) この論文において筆者は古代と著しい変化がないと推定される今世紀初頭における探検旅行家の記録にもとづいて、上の五つのルートの状況を明らかにしようと思う。

It may not be needed here to refer the significance of the Silk Road in the communication of the Eastern and Western Civilizations. The land route connecting the East with the West and the India was made through the great mountain barrier of the continent, the Himalaya, the Tien Shan, and the Hindu Kush and so on, of which the Pamir Knot having the utmost significance. Some of the ways cut through and touched' the outer fringes of this mountainous tract, and we know correctness of descriptions of the famous travellers such as Huan Tsang and Marco Polo were proved by the results of explorations and surveys made during these several decades. I am to demonstrate circumstances and conditions of these ways in connection with the Pamir Knot recovered before the World War I, picking up materials from reports of modern explorers and travellers who went into there and made scientific surveys of the country left almost a terra incognita until their time. There were five main routes in and along the Pamir Knot connecting the Tarim Basin with Ferghana, Trans-Oxiana and India : these were 1. Terek Pass route from Kashgar to Osh and Kokand, 2. Taunmuran Pass route from Kashgar to Stalinabad and Termez, 3. Wakhjir Pass route from Yarkand to Qala-i-Panja and Mazar-i-Sherif, 4. Minataka Pass route from Yarkand to Gilgit, 5. Karakorum Pass route from Yarkand to Leh and Srinager. The political and social reforms in countries east and west of the Pamirs took place after the Soviet Revolution, and the road and traffic conditions have changed unimaginably greatly, so I have to limit the scope of the paper to the mountain paths in the Pamirs at the time of 1910s, which seem almost unchanged since the prehistoric ages.