<論説>均田法における受田と賦課に関する一考察 : 敦煌計帳戸籍の受田缺少と丁男の位置

Abstract

均田制時代の敦煌戸籍において口分田受田率の低いことはかねてより指摘されているが、最近戸籍の受田記事を集計した結果、班田の主対象である丁男を含む課戸の口分田受田率が一体に低く、また衛士戸の受田率の低いことがわかった。これは一見不可解な事実であるが、これによって辺境地帯の兵役重徴と口分田耕作との両立しがたいこと、さらに基本的に律令制的人民支配形体がなによりも人身支配を優先している事態に想到し、したがって均田制の班田を単なる定額の土地給与と考えること自体が皮相的な見解で、国家の貫徹する人身支配をうけいれた残りの労働力がわずかに受田の私的経営への投入を許されえたという前提のもとに、各戸の受田造営もはじめて可能であったことが考えられる。かくして均田制度を虚構の制度とすることはできないが、国家の直接人身支配の厳しさを媒介した土地制度であることを深く認識すべきであろう。

It has been already pointed out that the rate of receiving the K'ou-fên-t'ien 口分田 was low in the census registration of Tun-huang 敦煌 in the era when Chün-t'ien 均田 system was enforced; and according to our recent accounting of reception items in the census records, the receiving rates of K'o-hu 課戸 with Ting-nan 丁男 who were the main object of Pan-t'ien 班田 or Wei-shih-hu 衛士戸, have been proved to generally be low, which, at a glance, may be incomprehensible: But judging from the accompaniment of Chün-t'ien system with the distance between the poor and the rich from the beginning, the heavy imposition of military service in the frontier with many heavy labour works which were observed in the Tun-huang Ch'a-k'o-pu 敦煌差科簿 and the existence of the prescription that the payment in kind all could be imposed as the labour work only in case of imposition of Yao-i 徭役 in need of the government, the then government of the people was thought to have nothing better than that of the person. Therefore, the violence of government control over the person might cause the incompatible conditions with the construction of K'ou-fên-t'ien; then it is the very superficial opinion that Pan-t'ien in the Chün-t'ien system should be considered as a mere fixed grant of land. Supposing that the rest labour powers accepting the government control over the person were almost allowed to transfer the given fields to private management, it was not until each house might construct the given fields. Being unable to consider the Chün-t'ien 均田 system as a false one, we should acknowledge it the very land system that brought sternness of the government control over the person.