<研究論文>滋賀県湖北方言の-tar-の性質と機能 --有生性の共起制限とアスペクト--

Abstract

本稿は、滋賀県湖北方言のアスペクト接辞である-tar-の性質と機能を記述し、この接尾辞が 1) 主題となる名詞句との問に、有生性に関わる強い共起制限を持ち、無生物と共起すること 2) 先行する動詞にほとんど制限がなく生産性が高いことから、これを二次的なアスペクト標示とみなすことはできず、この方言のアスペクト体系において重要な役割を果たしていることを明らかにすることを日的とする。これは、語彙資源である存在動詞のar-の性質を継承するものであり、歴史的には金水(2006)などが提示するアスペクト形式の発達の過程を裏付けるものである。方言類型論的な観点からは、-tar-の付加に伴って他動詞の格体制に変換が生じる現象は佐々木(2007)などが提示する逆使役構文に該当すると考えられる。また、この共起制限は、この方言話者の現代日本語共通語(以下共通語)の使用に干渉し、-to-ar-に転移している。このような現象は、話者には意識されにくいものであり、方言話者の共通語形成の過程を観察する上で重要なデータとなり得ることを示す。

This paper aims to show the fact that (1) the verbal suffix -tar-, which represents the aspectual meanings in the Kohoku dialect, has strong animacy co-occurrence restrictions with its topic nouns, i.e., only co-occurs with non-animate nouns and (2) because of its high productivity, we can no longer regard the suffix as "secondary" in the dialect. The restriction originates from the feature of the lexifier ar-u, which is the existence verb in the dialect as well as other dialects in Japanese. Contrastively, as previous studies show, the -te-ar- in standard Japanese and the -taRr- in the Keihan dialect, which are the counterparts of -tar-, have gradually grammaticalized and lost this restriction. Additionally, the suffix -tar- follows almost all verbs whereas -te-ar- and taRr- only follow a limited number of verbs in modern Japanese. Because of the lower productivity, these suffixes have been regarded as the "secondary" or "sub" aspect markers in the Japanese aspect system. In this paper, I will provide a precise description of the suffix -tar- so that it supports the hypothetical theory of the grammaticalization of the aspect markers. In addition, I will argue that unlike the counterparts in standard Japanese and the Keihan dialect, -tar- has not lost its features and productivity, that is, it plays an important role in the aspect system of the Kohoku dialect. I will also refer to the fact that some speakers of the Kohoku dialect tend to transfer this feature of -tar- to -te-ar- when they speak standard Japanese. This is an example of how a dialect speaker can apply the features of their dialect to the standard variety.