19世紀雲南の中國ムスリム學者, 馬德新の聖者崇拜批判

Abstract

In this paper, I focus on a famous Chinese Muslim scholar named Ma Dexin (d. 1874), who was active in Yunnan, Southwest China, during the 19th century. He brought new Islamic knowledge back to China from the Middle East, where he had travelled between 1844 and 1848. I elucidate that he radicalized anti-saint worship discourses from the Islamic heartland through an interpretation of Ibn 'Arabī (d. 1240)'s Islamic idea "Oneness of Being (wahda al-wujūd), " which Chinese Muslims had traditionally espoused. In the Middle East before the 20th century, there were few opinions that challenged the mentorship of the Sufi master in general. However, Ma Dexin articulated that no Sufi master can transform his pupil into a friend of God (walī), and that no one should worship the Sufi master as owner of the divine power. In addition, I argue that such radicalization was caused by the following three factors. The first is a discord between Ma Dexin and the Sufi order Jahrīya on how to cope with the Yunnan Muslim rebellion (1856-1874), a result of intensified antagonism between Chinese Muslims and non-Muslim Chinese people. The second is the vulnerability of the Sufi orders in China mainland, where most Muslims were not part of the Sufi brotherhoods. The third, which is highly possibly, is Ma Dexin's intention to confront the Jahrīya scholars, who utilized "Oneness of Being" to prove the Sufi master's ability to make his disciple a friend of God. Through this discussion, I reveal that the dispute for hegemony between Ma Dexin and the Jahrīya produced Chinese-specific Islamic knowledge. Previous studies have pointed out that antagonism between Chinese Muslims and non-Muslims urged the former to attempt reconciliation with the latter and harmonize Islam with traditional Chinese thought. My study expands on the conclusion that conflicts between Chinese Muslims also contributed to the formation of a distinctively "Chinese" mode of Islam.