唐代前期における蕃將の形態と北衙禁軍の推移

Abstract

Through the early Tang period, the characteristics of non-Chinese generals (fanjiang 蕃将) differed duringthe followingthree periods. In the first period, from the Taizong 太宗 era to that of Gaozong 高宗 when tribes immigrated to the territory of the Tangdynasty due to the collapse of the first Turkic Khaganate, most fanjiang led their people and controlled them as chieftains. The second period, from the reign of Empress Wu 武則天 to the early part of the Xuanzong 玄宗 era, corresponds to that extendingfrom the rise of the second Turkic Khaganate to the death of Mochuo 黙啜. Duringthis period, the number of Turkic fanjiang decreased in inverse proportion to the increase of fanjiang from the Korean Peninsula. In the third period, the latter part of the Xuanzongera, two new types of fanjiang appeared : one-- Military Commissioners (Jiedushi 節度使) who controlled their troops widely on the frontier, and two-- token generals who were the head of other ethnic groups and received titles conferred by the Tang dynasty in order to facilitate their tributary relationships. In the earliest years of the Tang, the title of general of the Southern Command (Nanya 南衙) held by fanjiang only indicated their bureaucratic position and remuneration, while the title of Northern Command (Beiya 北衙) played a pivotal role in forminga close personal relationship between the TangEmperor and the fanjiang. The early Beiya can be divided into two regiments according to their roles : the Garrison and the Imperial Guard. Although the Guards were little more than a small select group within the Zuoyou Yulinjun 左右羽林軍in the beginning, they developed over time into the Hundred Cavaliers (Baiqi 百騎), then the Thousand Cavaliers (Qianqi 千騎), the Left and Right Myriad Cavaliers (Zuoyou Wanqi 左右万騎), and finally were elevated to the status of Zuoyou Longwujun 左右龍武軍. The military strength of the Garrison and the Guards was completely reversed by the end of the early Tangperiod. On the other hand, the Garrison, Yulinjun, which had been the larger sized regiments of the Beiya, gradually declined in reaction to the rapid rise of the Guards. Almost all of the fanjiang in the Beiya held posts in the Garrison, not in the Guards, therefore, the more the Garrison declined, the more the fanjiang lost their connection with the emperor. The transition of the fanjiang's characteristics was inextricably linked as a result of this. In the beginning, the Beiya was a system to ensure the lord-vassal relationship between fanjiang and the emperor, but it also functioned to concentrate the forces of frontier tribal troops in the imperial court. However, the fanjiang were not able to maintain their connection with the Tangpolitical center due to external factors such as the shiftingcircumstances surroundingthe fanjiang in line with changes in the international situation, and the internal factor of the decline of the military power of the Yulinjun who could no longer provide centripetal force. The central authority of the Tangcourt to centralize military forces thus collapsed. Consequently, the fanjiang began to command forces and tribal troops on the frontier as Military Commissioners, and they took full control of such regional armies. These circumstances can be considered one reason for the occurrence of the An-Shi Rebellion.