<論文>馬徳新とイブン・アラビーの来世論 : 19世紀中国ムスリムの思想変相

Abstract

I have been curious about the intellectual changes among Chinese Muslims that transpired during the 19th century in their exploring various Islamic philosophies from West Asia and South Asia (unknown in East Asia) and their coping with the increasingly intensified antagonism between Muslims and non-Muslims in Chinese society. This paper focuses on Ma Dexin (馬徳新, d. 1874), a famous Chinese Muslim scholar who made a trip through the Middle East and a pilgrimage to Mecca after stopping in India (1841-1849). He was prominent in Yunnan Province during the Yunnan Muslim rebellion (1856-1874). First, I elucidate that Ma Dexin introduced Ibn 'Arabī's (d. 1240) thoughts regarding the afterlife to China, expressing them in a particular way (as follows). One of the Arabic works written by Ma Dexin, Asrār al-ma'ād, articulates Ibn 'Arabī's ideas about the Garden and Fire, based on the latter's masterpiece Fuşūş al-ḥikam and on some works. Asrār al-ma'ād also includes the Ash'arite and Maturidite theory of "acquisition". Despite its basis in Asrār al-ma'ād, Dahuazongyi 大化総帰--a Chinese Islamic work written by a disciple of Ma Dexin under the latter's supervision--deviates from Ibn 'Arabī's doctrine, although it also partly adopts it. I reveal that in Dahuazongyi, Ma Dexin, instead of advocating Ibn 'Arabī's quasi-universalism theory regarding salvation, suggests a kind of soteriological universalism, which resonates with Chinese traditional thoughts. Thus, I explain Ma Dexin's intention not only to rectify the error of Buddhist and Taoist samsara theories but also to promote coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims. Additionally, I point out that he might have been inspired by contemporary Islamic reformist trends such as those of Khālidiyya and Salafiyya (or reevaluations of Ibn Taymiyya) through his travels throughout the Islamic world.