<論文>ディルリク制度の限界とその対応策を巡って : 17世紀末におけるオスマン朝の模索と近世ヨーロッパ諸国

Abstract

Social changes that intensified in the Ottoman Empire from the last half of the sixteenth century, also accompanied by the appearance of new warfare forms, seriously impacted the Dirlik system of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman state, which was to secure a vast amount of state capital and achieve a gigantic troop mobilization, upgraded the Dirlik system. This, however, not only made owners of medium and small Dirlik holders bankrupt but also deteriorated the quality of soldiers and accelerated the decay of the local public order, typically seen in the form of illegal tax accumulations undertaken by the local rulers. Thus, when the Ottoman-Austria war broke out at the end of the seventeenth century, these problems increased in severity, placing the Ottoman state in a precarious position. The Ottoman state, at last understanding that it could no longer cope with the problems by slightly modifying the Dirlik system, adopted new policies that positioned the local districts (called kaza) in a more important administrative framework than in the past, accompanied by a much active role played by the local ayan-notables. The Ottoman state relied on the leadership abilities displayed by the ayan-people within the kaza-districts and on the wealth they had accumulated. These policies, widely accepted without serious local resistance, led to a smoother mobilization of soldiers, ending of illegal tax collection, and stabilization of the public order. This article is a study of the social crisis in the seventeenth century Ottoman state and the reform policies undertaken by government, and it discusses how the system of military mobilization and tax collection, and means of public order maintenance were improved in Bolu kazasi and its surrounding regions. Since similar policies were adopted in European countries during the same period, we might be able to discern here the principal policies required for the early-modern state system.