『出要律儀』佚文に見る梁代佛敎の音寫語

Abstract

This is the world's first attempt to explore the significance of the lost Chinese Buddhist text entitled Chu yao lü yi 出要律儀"Clarification of the Essence of Regulations in the Buddhist Monastic Code, " by exhaustively collecting its fragmentary quotations in later times (ninety-five passages in all) accompanied by Japanese translation and philological notes, and by comprehensive evaluation of the Chu yao lü yi as well. The present article has reached the following conclusions : The Chu yao lü yi was compiled in the early sixth century in the Liang dynasty 梁, and immediately cited in the fascicle three of the Fan fanyü ;翻梵語 "Translations of Indic Terms" arguably ascribed to the monk Baochang 寶唱(d. u.) in the Liang. The Chu yao lü yi was most probably consists of the two sections ; namely, literal quotations of the Chinese Buddhist translations of the monastic code (vinaya) as Major Section and the explanation of Buddhist terms which is called "Yin yi 音義(Pronunciations and Meanings of Words)" as Minor Section. All the fragmentary quotations recorded in the present article belong to the "Yin yi" section. The Yin yi section includes five kinds of information : 1 entry word ; 2 old translations and phonetic transcription prior to Kumārajīva 鳩摩羅什(ca. 350-409) ; 3 explanation by "specialist of monastic code (chi lü zhe持律者)" ; 4 explanation by "linguist (sheng lun zhe 聲論者, i. e., Chinese scholar-monk on the Sanskrit)" ; and explanation by "foreign monk (hu seng 胡僧)." It is noteworthy that phonetic transcriptions of Sanskrit words shown by the linguist are sometimes incorrect. The Yin yi section is highly valued as the linguistic explanation of Buddhist terms in the early sixth century prior to what is called Yiqie jing yin yi一切經音義"Pronunciations and Meanings [of Buddhist terms] in the Whole Canon" such as that of Xuan'ying玄應(the mid-sixth centurury). The Yin yi of the Chu yao lü yi are not free from ambiguity about the exact correspondence between Sanskrit and Chinese phonemes, and about the distinction between short and long vowels in Sanskrit, as well as other points. Further, the text is not equipped with systematic treatment regarding the notation of Skt. consonant cluster such as pra-, -tra, and sma. It is indeed true that the linguistic aspect of the Chu yao lü yi is far from satisfactory, but the composition of the Yin yi in a transitional period brought Chinese Buddhist linguistics to the ground-breaking production of comprehensive Yin yi texts called Yiqie jing yin yi in the late sixth century and thereafter.