<研究論文>二つの語用論的分業 --語彙的使役･生産的使役と能動･受動--

Abstract

先行研究では, 形式的に無標である語彙的使役が意味的にも無標で, 形式的に有標である生産的使役が意味的にも有標であることが｢語用論的分業｣として捉えられることがある。更に, 発話過程においては解釈過程も参照され, 解釈過程においては発話過程も参照される双方向的な形式的モデルも提唱されている。主語の指示対象が何らかの属性を有することを含意する｢属性叙述受動文｣と, 主語の指示対象と何らかの関連を有する｢潜在的受影者｣が文の表す事象から影響を受けることを含意する｢潜在的受影者受動文｣も, 対応する能動文に比して有標な形式であるだけでなく, 対応する能動文には必ずしも伴わない含意を持つことにより意味的にも有標であると言える。本稿では, これらの現象がどこまで類似するかを吟味しながら, 語用論的分業の概念を部分的に属性叙述受動文と潜在的受影者受動文に適用し, 二受動文の双方向的な最適性理論的モデルを提示する。

In the literature on causatives, including but not limited to those in Japanese, it has been argued that there is a'division of pragmatic labor'between productive and lexical causatives, such that the former are marked relative to the latter not only in form but also in meaning. This has additionally been captured in a bidirectional model, such that the production process makes reference to the interpretation process and vice versa. Japanese'subject-characterizing passives', which imply that the subject referent has a certain property, and'implied affectee passives', which imply that an umnentioned entity connected to the subject referent is affected by the eventuality expressed by the sentence, can likewise be seen as marked relative to the corresponding actives, not only formally but also semantically, due to the fact that they carry implicit meaning that is absent from these actives. In this paper Ie xamine the degree to which these two phenomena are similar, partly applying the concept of a division of pragmatic labor to subject-characterizing passives and implied affectee passives. In particular, I argue that the interpretation process of subject-characterizing passives and implied affectee passives is equivalent to that of productive causatives, both of them featuring implicature derivation through bidirectionality. I also discuss an Optimality-Theoretic model of the production and bidirectional interpretation processes of subject-characterizing passives, implied affectee passives, and other passives in Japanese.