<論説>江戸時代後期の祇園と一生不通養子娘 (特集 : ジェンダー)

Abstract

本稿は、江戸時代後期の京都祇園に、一生不通養子という契約を結んでやってきた少女たちに焦点をあて、女性たちの人生の一端と、彼女たちが生きた祇園の政治的、社会的側面を明らかにしたものである。まず歴史史料を用いた祇園研究が不十分な実態を指摘した上で、第一章で、遊所祇園の歴史的展開を押さえ、これまで風俗統制の側面ばかりが重視されてきた行政対応に関して、入念な調査の上、経済政策を重視した施策がとられたことを明らかにした。第二章において、京都大学総合博物館所蔵祇園町文書を中心に、各地に残る証文類、出版された細見類、町奉行の史料、祇園関係の文書群などから、一生不通養子契約の実態を明らかにした。さらに第三章において、祇園にやってきた少女たちのその後を探るため、芸者奉公証文、遊女奉公証文を紹介した上で、祇園で生きる女性、外にでていく女性の事例を明らかにして、多様に存在した女性たちの人生のルートを描き出した。

This study focusing on girls who came to Gion in Kyoto during the late Edo period under a lifelong adoption contract (isshōfutsū yōshi 一生不通養子) reveals the lives of these women and the brothels they lived in Gion. After pointing out the inadequacy of historical records in the study of Gion, the first section provides an overview of the historical development of Gionʼs brothels. With regard to the administrative response to Gion, studies of which have previously focused only on the aspect of controlling public morals, I clarified the measures that focused on the economic policy of urban development. In the second section, I employed the Gion-chō documents in the Kyoto University Museum, as well as written testimonies, published lists of prostitutes and geisha, and other documents related to the Gion area to reveal the reality of the lifelong adoption contract. Furthermore, in the third section, I examined the geisha apprenticeship certificate (geisha bōkō shōmon 芸者奉公証文) and the prostitute apprenticeship certificate (yūjo bōkō shōmon 遊女奉公証文) in order to explore what became of the girls who had come to Gion. I then illustrated the diverse routes of these girls lives, revealing the cases of women who continued to live in Gion by continuing to work as geisha or by taking over a teahouse, as well as women who went to rural brothels.