參國伍鄙再考 --齊國の改革プラン--

Abstract

The canguowubi 參國伍鄙 was a policy to create a “wealthy state and strong army” (富國强兵) in ancient China. It is often seen as having been carried out during the Spring and Autumn period. The canguowubi is described in the two works : the “Xiaokuang”小匡 chapter of the Guanzi 管子 and the “Qiyu” 齊語 chapter of the Guoyu 國語. These descriptions have several serious problems, the details of the canguowubi differ between the “Xiaokuang” and the “Qiyu, ” and there are moreover contradictions within the “Xiaokuang” itself. Previous research on the canguowubi assumed that these differences occurred due to errors in copying by the editor of the “Xiaokuang, ” therefore the description in the “Xiaokuang” was revised based on that in the “Qiyu.” But in considering such contradictions, we should focus on the causes of the contradictions and not how the contradictions can be resolved. This paper first examines the character of the “Xiaokuang” and the “Qiyu” as historical sources from such a viewpoint, and then, revises the description in the “Xiaokuang.” This paper attempts to resolve the contradictions in the canguowubi based on an examination of its character and thus to reconsider the canguowubi itself. Based on comparison of corresponding expressions and vocabulary of the two works, the first section confirms that the “Qiyu” was produced earlier than the “Xiaokuang” and that the editor of the “Xiaokuang” rewrote the “Qiyu” in Qi dialect. The second section revises the description of the canguowubi in the “Xiaokuang, ” editing it on the basis of what appear to be the most appropriate choices after a consideration of characteristics of the two, and then resolves the contradictions in the description of the canguowubi in the “Xiaokuang.” The third section clarifies difference in editorial purposes of the two works by comparing each description of the canguowubi with other historical literature and excavated sources that have a similar plan of administrative organization. The “Qiyu” chapter focuses on so-called “non-mixed residence of the four occupations” (四民不雜處), and the purpose of the canguozhibi 參國制鄙 is to distinguish the guo 國 and the bi 鄙. The greater part of the “Qiyu” describes a political reformation, and its main goal is to propose a plan of reorganization. In order to make the description more persuasive, the “Qiyu” reflects the situation of the Warring States period, therefore, it is not a description of a plan actually carried out in the Spring and Autumn period as previously claimed. As for the part devoted to the“canguo”參國, similar descriptions are seen in other works, therefore, it is possible that such a plan to form an administrative organization by accumulating a fixed number of families might actually have been carried out in the Qi state during the Warring States period. On the other hand, the “Xiaokuang” focuses on the canguowubi with the aim of creating a wealthy state and strong army. The “Xiaokuang” chapter changed the name of the chief of bi to that which corresponded to that of the chief of the guo, giving the guo and bi the same administrative organization, and by strengthening the control of bi, made it equal in strength to the guo. Furthermore, as it appears that a higher administrative unit was placed above shu 屬 within the bi, this plan was also intended to provide for territorial expansion. This paper concludes that the canguowubi was in fact a plan that reflects the actual situation in the Qi state during the Warring States period rather than one implemented in the Spring and Autumn period as has previously been suggested, and that the aims of the “Qiyu” and the “Xiaokuang” were to propose plans to reorganize the state system in order to strengthen monarchʼs power and control.