<論文>コーカンド・ハーン国史としての『選史』

Abstract

This paper discusses the character and the value of Muntakhab al-tawārīkh written in Persian by Muḥammad Ḥakīm Khān in 1259 A. H. (1843 C. E.) as a historical source of the Khanate of Khoqand, which, being sometimes categorized as a private memoir or an autobiography of the author, had not been evaluated appropriately, because of the authorʼs utter hostility towards his cousin and the ruler at the time, Muḥammad ʻAlī Khān, who exiled him abroad. He was one of the descendants of Isḥāq Walī Khān, the son of Makhdūm-i Aʻẓam, the prominent master of Naqshbandiyya in the 16th century. His clan migrated to the Ferghana Valley in the first half of the 18th century and, through establishing a kinship with the khans of Khoqand, held high-ranking religious positions in the administration. It was not only because he was the son of a khanʼs daughter, but also because his family history was parallel to that of the khanate that he had sufficient information and motivation to write the history of Khoqand. Another motivating factor behind him writing this material was that he had the invaluable experience of meeting with the rulers of many countries and regions during his pilgrimage to Mecca after being exiled by Muḥammad ʻAlī Khān. Muntakhab al-tawārīkh is a “selected” history as is shown in the title. The author copied the description from Nafā’is al-funūn fī ‘arāyis al-‘uyūn almost verbatim to edit the first part of the history, from the beginning, including the preface, to the seventh part of the fifth chapter. Similarly, he referred to Ta’rīkh-i Rāqimī, Ta’rīkh-i Muqīm khānī, and some unknown historical materials to edit the histories of the Timurid, Mughals, Shibanid, and Ashtarkhanid dynasties. The histories of the Manqits of Bukhara and Mings of Khoqand are the original information based on the oral history accounts of persons close to him who were involved in the events. So, the purpose of his writing needs to be examined not based on the preface but on the contents of this original part. Muḥammad Ḥakīm khān edited his selected history in 1258 A. H. (12th February 1842 to 31st January 1843 C. E.), the year when Muḥammad ʻAlī Khān was killed by Amīr Naṣr Allāhof Bukhara and Khoqand was annexed by the Amirate of Bukhara. That is why the author started to describe the beginning of the history of the Khanate of Khoqand using the past tense, as if referring to a fallen dynasty. The essential reason behind the harsh criticism of Muḥammad ʻAlī Khān was that the author attributed the cause of the destruction of the Khanate to him. So, the purpose of the writing must have been to overview the entire history of the ruined Khanate of Khoqand. Thus, as the original and vivid description that had received consistent recognition from the perspective of religious values, followed with the account of an amazing pilgrimage, gained the appreciation of readers, many copies of the manuscript were made and it was even translated into Chaghatay Turkic.