境界と匪賊 --一九世紀中國・ベトナム閒における「越境」と淸朝-阮朝關係--

Abstract

During the second half of the 19th century, the Qing dynasty gradually strengthened its intervention into frontier areas and toward neighboring countries. This trend has been interpreted as a response to threatening Western countries and Japan in 1870s and 1880s, but the Chinese military intervention in Vietnam, which was later to become a crucial point of conflict with the French, was an exception conducted for the purpose of dealing with the growing insecurity in the Sino- Vietnamese border area from the late 1860s. What then was the origin of the growing insecurity of Sino-Vietnamese border area? This paper thus examines the activities of Chinese bandits who straddled the Sino-Vietnamese border from 1820s to 1860s and attempts to pinpoint the origin of the anarchic situation in the border area. In section 1, I explored the negotiations between the Qing dynasty and the Nguyen dynasty on the rebellion that broke out in 1828 and their impact. I note that the Nguyen dynasty refused a cross-border investigation by Qing officials, and as a result, the mastermind of the rebellion escaped arrest by the authorities, and the following year, another rebellion influenced by this case occurred. In section 2, I address incidents of cross-border looting that were carried out from Tu Long 聚隆, a mining town in Vietnam, on the southern part of Yunnan province in 1851. In this case, Nguyen authorities who depended on Chinese mining shielded the marauders. In section 3, I take up the “Huong Nghia Bang” 向義幫that was re-formed by the Chinese bandits who had surrendered to the Nguyen dynasty in 1851. “Huong Nghia Bang” who maintained relations with anti-Qing rebels in Guangxi province, rose in rebellion within Vietnam in 1860s, and used the border to fend off attacks by the Nguyen's troops sent to suppress them. Finally, the Nguyen dynasty, which had lost the power to suppress Chinese bandits, called for cross-border military intervention by the Qing.