知の実践のかたちとローカリティ --｢ひだびと」から--

Abstract

日本の民俗学史は，しばしば柳田國男とその弟子たちの動向を中心に，各地のローカルな私的研究団体が，そこに組織化され，最終的に私的な研究組織から大学のアカデミックシステムのなかの学問になっていくという進化論的な物語として語られる。そこではローカルな実践は，あくまでも中央の組織の傘下に組み込まれていく対象として位置づけられることになる。本稿は，一九三〇年代半ばから一九四〇年代半ばにかけて岐阜県高山市を中心に雑誌『ひだびと』を刊行し活動していた飛騨考古土俗学会をとりあげ，同会をけん引した江馬修の日本全体のなかで飛騨の歴史を捉えるという考え方，同会が飛騨地方を拠点とした短詩形文学，歴史，考古など多様な実践の結節点であったこと，一方同会機関誌『ひだびと』が，各地の郷土研究者や，考古学や民俗学，文学など中央の研究者が投稿する「広場」として機能していたことなどに着目し，ローカルな総合的「人文」知の実践の広がりのなかで民俗学を捉える筋道を示す。

In this paper we discuss the beginning of Japanese folkloristics in the local settings. We are apt to talk about the history of Japanese folkloristics from the view of Kunio Yanagita who was a leader of the early Japanese folkloristics. This historical narrative has a tendency to show evolutionary trajectory from local private circles to the institute of the universities. In this narratives the local practices are only expected the role of parts organized into the central movement around Kunio Ynagita. But the local cultural practices had each purpose and plan to cope with their own urgent problems. The early central movement around Kunio Ynagita was only one of the choices that were useful for local cultural practices. We argue the possibility of folkloristics in the context of early local cultural practices which found extensive interest in the various activities as well as folkloristics. In this paper we explore the specific details of the Hida Archeology-Folklore Association (Hida Kouko Dozoku Gakkai) which was established in 1935 in Takayma city, Gifu prefecture. At that time in Takayama many kinds of cultural circles were active. Examples follow, local history, archeology, folkloristics, tanka (poem of 31 syllables), haiku (poem of 17 syllables), mountaineering, theatrical activities and so on. The members of the Hida Archeology-Folklore Association took part in other cultural circles. So various cultural activities overlapped with each other in one person. And we can grasp the possibility of folkloristics in the context of local humanities consisted of various cultural practices.