中華民國北京政府期の淸室優待條件下における北京旗人社會の一側面 --護軍都護副使、古物陳列所所長・治格の經歷をてがかりに--

Abstract

This paper describes aspects of the Beijing Eight Banners community and the relationship between the Beiyang government of the Republic of China and the Qing Imperial Household through an examination of the career of Zhige, a Mongol Eight Banners bureaucrat during the late Qing Dynasty and Beiyang government period. Zhige was an elite bannerman who studied at Jingshi Tongwen Guan 京師同文館, a foreign language school in Beijing, and also studied abroad in Germany. He was responsible for urban administration of the Beijing police in Guangxu during the New Policies period and held an important post with the Beijing police until 1913, the second year of the Republic of China. After the Xinhai Revolution, President Yuan Shikai ordered Zhige to reform the Qianfeng Hujun 前鋒護軍, the army in charge of the security of the Qing Imperial Court, in order to carry out the “Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication.” In February 1915, when the reforms were completed, Yuan Shikai appointed Zhige undersecretary of the Hujun Guanlichu 護軍管理處 the Guard Administration Office of the Qing Imperial Court, and appointed Shaoying, who was a Minister of Qing Imperial Household Department, to be the secretary. The Guard Administration Office of the Qing Imperial Court was an agency of the Beiyang government established in accordance with the “Bylaws for Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication.” which had been enacted in January 1915. The secretary of the Guard Administration Office, who was responsible for the security of the Qing Imperial Court, was given judicial power in the Forbidden City, and maintained order within the Forbidden City. Although the “Bylaws for Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication” at first glance seems to have strengthened Beiyang government control of the Qing Imperial Household, in fact the Guard Administration Office was given great authority, and Minister of the Qing Imperial Household Department Shaoying was appointed secretary of the Guard Administration Office. The bylaws were structured to allow members of the Qing Imperial Household some autonomy in managing themselves. In addition, Zhige became the first director of the Antique Exhibition Museum, the first full-scale museum in China, which opened Qing Imperial cultural properties to the public. Due to Zhige's hard work, the Antique Exhibition Museum opened in October 1914. At the Antique Exhibition Museum, the bannermen of the Hujun guard police corps were responsible for the museum's security and ticket sales etc. Zhige tried to secure employment for poverty-stricken bannermen. Politically, Zhige belonged to the Anhui clique, and from August 1917 he served as undersecretary of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Agency and wielded great authority. But when the Anhui clique was defeated in the Zhili-Anhui War in 1920, he also fell from power and resigned from three positions : undersecretary of the Guard Administration Office ; director of the Antique Exhibition Museum ; and undersecretary of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Agency. In November 1924, when Feng Yuxiang revised the “Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication” and took Puyi away from the Forbidden City, the Guard Administration Office was dissolved, and the bannermen of the Hujun Guard police corps lost their jobs and were forced to leave the Forbidden City with Puyi.